نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی، گروه علوماجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه علوماجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).
3 استادیار گروه علوماجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Today, science and technology play a significant role in the development of countries, and countries that have relied more on science and technology than on underground resources have been more successful and proud in the long run. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to creative and innovative works such as entrepreneurship to develop and create prosperity in the country. For this purpose, this qualitative research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the institutional barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran from the perspective of entrepreneurs, which is practical in terms of purpose. The tool of data collection in this research is semi-structured interview and it was used to determine the sample size in order to consider the adequacy of the data from sampling to the theoretical saturation stage. For this purpose, 20 entrepreneurs were selected by Random purposeful sampling. After refining and analyzing the data, four categories of institutional barriers to entrepreneurship were identified according to the interviewees: 1- Political barriers (including strict licensing, administrative inconsistency, strict bureaucracy and lack of rule of law), 2- Cultural barriers (including education and Lack of teamwork) 3- Economic obstacles (including the lack of financial support, sanctions and economic instability) 4- Social obstacles (including the lack of social relations network). The findings of the research indicate the importance and extensive role of institutional factors for the creation, development and expansion of entrepreneurship in Iran, and among them, political and economic obstacles are respectively the most important institutional obstacles to entrepreneurship in Iran.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Institutional Barriers, Political Barriers, Economic Barriers, Socio-Cultural Barriers.
1. Introduction
The world has seen major changes in all business areas since the end of the twentieth century, and today globalization, increased competition, the development of information technology, attention to quality of goods and services, customer orientation, inefficiencies in government, etc., are all creating serious problems for public administration worldwide and in these areas. The experience of developed countries since the 1980s therefore shows that they have paid full attention to the issue of entrepreneurship and its promotion in society (Rezaian, 2001).
In addition to its role in increasing economic activity in the private sector, reducing unemployment, improving skills in manufacturing and entrepreneurship and improving economic profitability, entrepreneurship is also a transformative and dynamic factor at social level. Expand social networks, improve citizens’ skills, optimize resource use, etc. are among the benefits that come from developing entrepreneurial activity in society. Successful entrepreneurs want to change their economic and social situation and the society around them and they come to work with big ideas to achieve their goals. The three basic elements of entrepreneurship are the creation of wealth, technological development and productive employment. More entrepreneurial activity increases per capita income and ultimately improves the standard of living of people, creates new business opportunities and creates more industry and mobility in society (Ahmadpour and Motlabi, 2012).
Therefore, what is felt more than ever in the current difficult conditions in Iranian society is to address this fundamental category, namely entrepreneurship. Because entrepreneurs, given their unique and outstanding characteristics, are certainly able to provide the necessary resources to create growth and development in the fields of production and human resources, create new jobs and businesses, and increase the range of products and services through industrial innovation. Despite the extensive role of entrepreneurship in reducing various problems, according to the Global Entrepreneurship Development Institute report in 2018, Iran ranked 72nd out of 137 countries in the entrepreneurship index and 11th out of 14 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, which indicates the unfavorable situation of entrepreneurship in Iran. If Iran is to expand private sector economic activity, reduce unemployment, improve manufacturing and entrepreneurial skills, as well as economic viability, it must pay particular attention to entrepreneurship. This study therefore aims to identify obstacles that entrepreneurs face in Iran. Most research on entrepreneurship in Iran has focused on the characteristics of entrepreneurship, especially at the micro and small enterprise level, with less attention paid to the institutional level from the entrepreneurs’ perspective. Given the large and influential role of institutions in all activities, including business, it is important to pay attention to their role. This is why we have examined these obstacles in Iran from the point of view of entrepreneurs themselves in this study.
Research questions: By examining the background of the research, we come to the conclusion that institutional barriers are divided into four categories of political, economic, social and cultural factors. For this purpose, the research questions are: What are the political barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran? What are the economic barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran? What are the social barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran? What are the cultural barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran?
2. Materials and Methods
Based on the objective, this research is applied research and according to the research method, qualitative research-narrative analysis. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and was used to determine the sample size in order to consider the adequacy of the data from sampling to the theoretical saturation stage. For this purpose, 20 entrepreneurs were selected with the purposeful random sampling method as a qualitative sampling method.
Data analysis was done by content analysis method including open and axial coding and manually. For validity and reliability, theoretical validity, peer review and revision were used by some interviewees.
In this way, the text of the interviews was first implemented to provide suitable conditions for coding. Then, by repeatedly reviewing the data, an overview of the collected information was obtained. In the next step, using the sentence-by-sentence strategy, important phrases related to the research topic were extracted and coded. In the process of coding, some codes were made directly from the text of the interviews, and others were created by the researcher and according to the concepts derived from the review of the theoretical foundations and background of the research. By applying this process, 59 basic concepts about the factors and obstacles faced by entrepreneurs in starting a business were obtained.
Finally, based on table number one, by merging similar items and removing duplicate items, the extracted phrases were formulated in the form of meaningful phrases. Finally, 13 formulated meanings were obtained, which were divided into three clusters of political, economic, socio-cultural factors after coding and categorizing them.
3. Discussion
Most of the attention of the interviewees in the political field pointed to the government and its functioning. The issues mentioned by the entrepreneurs in the political field include: strict licensing, inconsistency between different government departments and bodies, strict bureaucracy and lack of rule of law. Among cultural-social factors, education is the most important factor mentioned by entrepreneurs. Among the other obstacles mentioned by entrepreneurs in this field are: lack of teamwork culture, and lack of social network. Economic obstacles are one of the obstacles that play a significant role in entrepreneurial activities from the point of view of entrepreneurs. According to entrepreneurs, in the absence of economic conditions, there will be no motivation to start and continue entrepreneurship. In the economic field, they mentioned things like embargo, economic instability and lack of financial support.
4. Conclusion
The purpose of this research is to know the barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran from the point of view of entrepreneurs. For this purpose, we selected 20 entrepreneurs and conducted interviews with them using random sampling method. The findings of the research confirmed the institutional point of view regarding the factors affecting entrepreneurship. According to entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship in Iran is widely affected by institutional factors. By analyzing the interviews, these institutional barriers were divided into four categories of political, economic, cultural and social factors. Also, among these obstacles, the most obstacles are in the political and economic fields, respectively. In the political field, factors such as strict licensing, administrative inconsistency, strict bureaucracy and lack of rule of law were mentioned.
Education, lack of curriculum, lack of social network are among the obstacles considered by entrepreneurs in the social-cultural field.
Economic factors are very important for the development of entrepreneurship in society, along with other factors. According to the interviewees, obstacles such as lack of financial support, sanctions and economic instability are major obstacles to entrepreneurship in Iran. As a result, to promote entrepreneurship in Iran, a special effort should be made to remove its institutional obstacles.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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