نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه مطالعات تکنولوژی، پژوهشکدۀ مطالعات فناوری‌های نوین، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول)
2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه مدیریت توسعۀ روستایی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران
3 استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی و حقوق، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
The present research aimed at scrutinizing the phenomenon of migration in Yazd province and its causes. This research was descriptive and non-experimental in terms of data collection; applied-exploratory in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of paradigmatic aspect. The participants included experts, policy makers, planners and managers who were aware of the development processes of Yazd province; selected using the purposeful sampling method. In this research, 45 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation and library documents, statistics and provincial information were used to complete the data. Validity and reliability were ensured by using appropriate methods. To analyze, three stages of coding were used. The results included 4 main categories of migration from the village to the city; migration of non-native unskilled workers; migration of foreign nationals and migration of elites. Based on the results, the problem of employment and livelihood in the villages and the difficulty of the employment environment of the elites (casual conditions) on the one hand and inefficient infrastructure in 3 fields of “foreign nationals’ education”, “creating employment for foreign nationals” and “provincial development” (contextual conditions), on the other hand, has led to the migration process in Yazd province. This process had consequences such as effects of “rural migration to cities”, “the presence of non-native and unskilled labor” and “social and cultural effects of the presence of nationals”. At the end, based on the findings, some suggestions were made to reduce the consequences and optimally manage of the immigrants’ problems.
Keywords: Migration from the Village to the City, Migration of Foreign Nationals, Migration of Elites, Qualitative Analysis, Yazd Province.
1. Introduction
The phenomenon of migration has been with mankind since the beginning of history (Sharifi & Zare Shahabadi, 2018: 56). As a social phenomenon, it is a dynamic process and caused by changing political, economic, social and cultural conditions (Nobahar & Ghorbani, 2021: 84; Sharifi & Zare Shahabadi, 2018: 56), which is observable in all societies either developed or undeveloped ones (Nobahar & Ghorbani, 2021: 84). It should be noted that as long as the distribution of development resources (financial, human resources, access to production raw materials, etc.) is not the same among different regions, the development of the country’s spatial structure will not be equal, and the consequence of this imbalance development is migration from less developed areas to developed ones (Askari-Nodoushan et al, 2017: 128). Yazd province, with a relative development level among the provinces of Iran (Askari-Nodoushan et al., 2019: 84), has become one of the main poles of migrant- receiving provinces of the country in the last three decades. (Afshani & Shiri Mohammadabad, 2023: 271; Hosseini et al., 2018: 1). The root of this migrant- receiving is that this province has higher levels of socio-economic development than other provinces (Afshani & Shiri Mohammadabad, 2023: 272). Admittedly, in Yazd province, along with the main flow of migrant- receiving, there has been a migrant-sending flow from Yazd province to other parts of the country. Incoming migrants are mostly unskilled or semi-skilled workers, whereas the migrants leaving this province are educated people, elites and entrepreneurs. This migration flow will have numerous significant economic, social and cultural impacts on Yazd province (Askari-Nodoushan et al., 2019: 84). Proper and correct exposure to the phenomenon of migration and its effects and consequences requires a deep study of this phenomenon and investigation of its factors. Accordingly, the present research was conducted aimed at scrutinizing the phenomenon of migration in this province and its causes applying a qualitative approach.
2. Materials and Methods
This research was descriptive and non-experimental in terms of data collection, applied-exploratory in terms of purpose, and qualitative in terms of paradigmatic aspect. The research community was experts, elites, policymakers, planners and provincial managers, entrepreneurs and other people involved in the development processes of Yazd province, whom were selected using the purposeful sampling method, and finally 45 interviews were conducted after reaching theoretical saturation. In order to collect data, in-depth and semi-structured interviews and complementary methods such as studying documents and library documents, provincial statistics and data were used. In the interviews, this question was responded: what are the causes and effects of migration in Yazd province? Validity and reliability of data were confirmed employing various methods of data collection. To analyze the data, three stages of coding were applied.
3. Discussion
Based on the findings, paradigm model of migration in Yazd province was presented. In this model, the causal condition, contextual condition, intervening, strategies and consequences of the migration process in Yazd province were depicted. Based on this model, the problem of employment and livelihood in the villages and the difficulty of the employment environment of the elites (casual conditions) on the one hand and inefficient infrastructure in 3 fields of “foreign nationals’ education”, “creating employment for foreign nationals” and “provincial development” (contextual conditions), on the other hand, has led to the migration process in Yazd province. This process had consequences such as effects of “rural migration to cities”, “the presence of non-native and unskilled labor” and “social and cultural effects of the presence of nationals”. In this regard, strategies such as: “management and planning in relation to immigrants” could be presented.
4. Conclusion
According to the results, four main categories were identified including “migration from the village to the city”, “migration of non-native unskilled workers”, “migration of foreign nationals” and “migration of elites”. In the category of “migration from the village to the city”, three subcategories were extracted. “Louis” has also mentioned in his two-sector growth model theory of development that there is a surplus of labor in the rural areas, and this surplus rural labor is transferred to the urban industrial sector. In addition, these results were consistent with findings of “Azmi” and “Torbati Panah” (2021), “Sharifi” and “Zare Shahabadi” (2018), “Movahedi” and “Samiyan” (2018), “Ghasemi Ardehaei” and “Kord Zanganeh” (2018) and “Mermanishvili” (2022). Furthermore, two subcategories were extracted in the main category of “migration of non-native unskilled workers”. In other words, the lack of improper infrastructure for development encourages people to migrate. The models of attraction and repulsion as well as the theory of relative deprivation both implicitly point to the existence of repulsion and deprivation at the origin as the causes of migration. In the main category of “migration of foreign nationals”, four subcategories were identified. These results were in line with the findings of “Mazloomi MahmoodAbad” et al. (2018). Finally, in the main category of “migration of elites”, five subcategories were extracted. In the theory of relative deprivation, brain drain is proposed as a response to remove deprivation. The results of this section were consistent with the findings of “Vedadhir” and “Eshraghi” (2019), as they also considered economic-occupational factors as the causes of the tendency to migrate abroad. Finally, based on the results of this research and the paradigm model of migration, the following suggestions are presented in order to reduce the causes of the phenomenon of migration in Yazd province: Considering that one of the consequences of the obtained paradigm model has been the effects of rural migration on cities, in this regard, it is suggested that migrant-sending villages be identified and measures be taken to reduce the repulsion in these areas and increase its attractiveness, such as providing employment opportunities in the mentioned villages. Consequently, the reverse migration of villagers from the city to the village should be provided. In order to reduce the effects of the presence of non-native and unskilled labor in the province, it is suggested that employers prioritize native workers in employing the laborers. In addition, providing technical and professional training courses for non-native and unskilled labor, the opportunity to increase their skills should also be provided. Furthermore, considering the social and cultural effects of the presence of foreign nationals, it is necessary to employ only those foreign nationals with a license from the Department of Foreign Nationals and Immigrant Affairs, as well as more effective laws in terms of their entry and employment should be approved and implemented.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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