Investigating the Institutional Barriers to Entrepreneurship in Iran from the Point of View of Entrepreneurs

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 PhD student in sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
Today, science and technology play a significant role in the development of countries, and countries that have relied more on science and technology than on underground resources have been more successful and proud in the long run. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to creative and innovative works such as entrepreneurship to develop and create prosperity in the country. For this purpose, this qualitative research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the institutional barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran from the perspective of entrepreneurs, which is practical in terms of purpose. The tool of data collection in this research is semi-structured interview and it was used to determine the sample size in order to consider the adequacy of the data from sampling to the theoretical saturation stage. For this purpose, 20 entrepreneurs were selected by Random purposeful sampling. After refining and analyzing the data, four categories of institutional barriers to entrepreneurship were identified according to the interviewees: 1- Political barriers (including strict licensing, administrative inconsistency, strict bureaucracy and lack of rule of law), 2- Cultural barriers (including education and Lack of teamwork) 3- Economic obstacles (including the lack of financial support, sanctions and economic instability) 4- Social obstacles (including the lack of social relations network). The findings of the research indicate the importance and extensive role of institutional factors for the creation, development and expansion of entrepreneurship in Iran, and among them, political and economic obstacles are respectively the most important institutional obstacles to entrepreneurship in Iran.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Institutional Barriers, Political Barriers, Economic Barriers, Socio-Cultural Barriers.
 
1. Introduction
The world has seen major changes in all business areas since the end of the twentieth century, and today globalization, increased competition, the development of information technology, attention to quality of goods and services, customer orientation, inefficiencies in government, etc., are all creating serious problems for public administration worldwide and in these areas. The experience of developed countries since the 1980s therefore shows that they have paid full attention to the issue of entrepreneurship and its promotion in society (Rezaian, 2001).
In addition to its role in increasing economic activity in the private sector, reducing unemployment, improving skills in manufacturing and entrepreneurship and improving economic profitability, entrepreneurship is also a transformative and dynamic factor at social level. Expand social networks, improve citizens’ skills, optimize resource use, etc. are among the benefits that come from developing entrepreneurial activity in society. Successful entrepreneurs want to change their economic and social situation and the society around them and they come to work with big ideas to achieve their goals. The three basic elements of entrepreneurship are the creation of wealth, technological development and productive employment. More entrepreneurial activity increases per capita income and ultimately improves the standard of living of people, creates new business opportunities and creates more industry and mobility in society (Ahmadpour and Motlabi, 2012).
Therefore, what is felt more than ever in the current difficult conditions in Iranian society is to address this fundamental category, namely entrepreneurship. Because entrepreneurs, given their unique and outstanding characteristics, are certainly able to provide the necessary resources to create growth and development in the fields of production and human resources, create new jobs and businesses, and increase the range of products and services through industrial innovation. Despite the extensive role of entrepreneurship in reducing various problems, according to the Global Entrepreneurship Development Institute report in 2018, Iran ranked 72nd out of 137 countries in the entrepreneurship index and 11th out of 14 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, which indicates the unfavorable situation of entrepreneurship in Iran. If Iran is to expand private sector economic activity, reduce unemployment, improve manufacturing and entrepreneurial skills, as well as economic viability, it must pay particular attention to entrepreneurship. This study therefore aims to identify obstacles that entrepreneurs face in Iran. Most research on entrepreneurship in Iran has focused on the characteristics of entrepreneurship, especially at the micro and small enterprise level, with less attention paid to the institutional level from the entrepreneurs’ perspective. Given the large and influential role of institutions in all activities, including business, it is important to pay attention to their role. This is why we have examined these obstacles in Iran from the point of view of entrepreneurs themselves in this study.
Research questions: By examining the background of the research, we come to the conclusion that institutional barriers are divided into four categories of political, economic, social and cultural factors. For this purpose, the research questions are: What are the political barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran? What are the economic barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran? What are the social barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran? What are the cultural barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran?
 
2. Materials and Methods
Based on the objective, this research is applied research and according to the research method, qualitative research-narrative analysis. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and was used to determine the sample size in order to consider the adequacy of the data from sampling to the theoretical saturation stage. For this purpose, 20 entrepreneurs were selected with the purposeful random sampling method as a qualitative sampling method.
Data analysis was done by content analysis method including open and axial coding and manually. For validity and reliability, theoretical validity, peer review and revision were used by some interviewees.
In this way, the text of the interviews was first implemented to provide suitable conditions for coding. Then, by repeatedly reviewing the data, an overview of the collected information was obtained. In the next step, using the sentence-by-sentence strategy, important phrases related to the research topic were extracted and coded. In the process of coding, some codes were made directly from the text of the interviews, and others were created by the researcher and according to the concepts derived from the review of the theoretical foundations and background of the research. By applying this process, 59 basic concepts about the factors and obstacles faced by entrepreneurs in starting a business were obtained.
Finally, based on table number one, by merging similar items and removing duplicate items, the extracted phrases were formulated in the form of meaningful phrases. Finally, 13 formulated meanings were obtained, which were divided into three clusters of political, economic, socio-cultural factors after coding and categorizing them.
 
3. Discussion
Most of the attention of the interviewees in the political field pointed to the government and its functioning. The issues mentioned by the entrepreneurs in the political field include: strict licensing, inconsistency between different government departments and bodies, strict bureaucracy and lack of rule of law. Among cultural-social factors, education is the most important factor mentioned by entrepreneurs. Among the other obstacles mentioned by entrepreneurs in this field are: lack of teamwork culture, and lack of social network. Economic obstacles are one of the obstacles that play a significant role in entrepreneurial activities from the point of view of entrepreneurs. According to entrepreneurs, in the absence of economic conditions, there will be no motivation to start and continue entrepreneurship. In the economic field, they mentioned things like embargo, economic instability and lack of financial support.
 
4. Conclusion
The purpose of this research is to know the barriers to entrepreneurship in Iran from the point of view of entrepreneurs. For this purpose, we selected 20 entrepreneurs and conducted interviews with them using random sampling method. The findings of the research confirmed the institutional point of view regarding the factors affecting entrepreneurship. According to entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship in Iran is widely affected by institutional factors. By analyzing the interviews, these institutional barriers were divided into four categories of political, economic, cultural and social factors. Also, among these obstacles, the most obstacles are in the political and economic fields, respectively. In the political field, factors such as strict licensing, administrative inconsistency, strict bureaucracy and lack of rule of law were mentioned.
Education, lack of curriculum, lack of social network are among the obstacles considered by entrepreneurs in the social-cultural field.
Economic factors are very important for the development of entrepreneurship in society, along with other factors. According to the interviewees, obstacles such as lack of financial support, sanctions and economic instability are major obstacles to entrepreneurship in Iran. As a result, to promote entrepreneurship in Iran, a special effort should be made to remove its institutional obstacles.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

- احمدپورداریانی، محمود، (1378). کارآفرینی (تعاریف، نظریات، الگوها). انتشارات پردیس، چاپ اول، تهران.
- احمدپور داریانی، محمود؛ داوری، علی؛ و رمضانپورنرگسی، قاسم، (1389). «محیط مساعد کسب‌و‌کار، پیش‌نیاز توسعۀ کارآفرینی در ایران». فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت بهبود و تحول، 61: 65-89.
- بهزادیان‌نژاد، قربان، (1380). «ضرروت توجه به کارآفرینی و فناوری‌های پیشرفته». مجموعه مقالات کارآفرینی و فن آوری پیشرفته، جلد اول، چاپ اول انتشارات دانشگاه.
- جهانگیری، علی، (1380). «دولت کارآفرین». فصلنامه فرآیند مدیریت و توسعه، 51: 63-71.
- جهانیان، مهدی، (1385). کارآفرینی. بابل: انتشارات علوم رایانه.
- حسینی، طیبه؛ و لشگرآرا، فرهاد، (1393). «شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه مهارت‌های کارآفرینی در تعاونی‌های زنان روستایی استان فارس». پژوهش ترویج وآموزش کشاورزی،7 (2): 13-33.
- حمیدی، ناصر؛ و محمدی، نبی‌الله، (1388). «کارآفرینی فردی و بنگاهی مطالعه‌ای در اداره کل تربیت بدنی استان زنجان». مجله مدیریت توسعه و تحول، 2: 21-34.
- دنیایی، حمید؛ و یعقوبی، جعفر، (1390). «راهکارهای تقویت کارآفرینی در شرکتهای تعاونی کشاورزی استان زنجان از دیدگاه مدیران تعاونی‌ها». مجموعه مقالات اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی ظرفیت‌های بخش تعاون در توسعۀ اجتماعی-اقتصادی و فرهنگی، 28فروردین 1390، جزیرۀ کیش.
- رضا‌زاده، حجت‌الله؛ شیخان، ناهید؛ و احمدپورداریانی، محمود، (1381). «کارآفرینی در آلمان». ماهنامه تخصصی بازاریابی، 22: 58-60.
- رضاییان، علی، (1380). مبانی و سازمان مدیریت، تهران: انتشارات سمت، چاپ سوم.
- زالی، محمدرضا؛ رضوی، مصطفی؛ یداللهی، جهانگیر؛ و کردناییج، اسدالله، (1389). ارزیابی وضعیت کارآفرینی در ایران. چاپ اول، تهران: مؤسسه کار و تأمین اجتماعی.
- شاه‌حسینی، علی، (1383). کارآفرینی. تهران: انتشارات آییژ.
- شیراوند، فاطمه؛ مظهری، رضا؛ محمدی‌خیاره، محسن؛ و توماج، عبدالسعید، (1398). «بررسی تأثیر عوامل نهادی رسمی و غیررسمی بر کارآفرینی و نتیجۀ آن بر رشد اقتصادی: شواهدی از کشورهای منا (2008-2015)». تحقیقات اقتصادی، 54 (1): 209-233.
- علی‌آبادی، ابراهیم؛ عزیزی، محمد؛ عالم‌تبریز، اکبر؛ و داوری، علی، (1397). «شناسایی موانع اجرای خط‌مشی‌های کارآفرینی و نوآوری در برنامۀ توسعۀ جمهوری اسلامی ایران». ابتکار و خلاقیت در علوم انسانی، 8(3): 95-132.
- عیسی‌زاده، سعید؛ و جهانبخش، مهرانفر، (1391). «نقش نهادها در شکل‌دهی کارآفرینی در کشورهای منتخب جهان». پژوهشنامه اقتصادی (رویکرد اسلامی-ایرانی)، 12 (44): 199-212.
- فرحبخش، ندا، (1382). «کارآفرینی و نقش آن در اقتصاد ملی». مجموعه مقالات کارآفرینی و فناور‌ی‌های پیشرفته، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران: 183.
- کاظمی‌ترقبان، مریم؛ و مبارکی، محمدحسن، (1391). «بررسی اثر کارآفرینی بر رشد اقتصادی ایران با استفاده از رویکرد میانگین‌گیری بیزی». توسعۀ کارآفرینی، 5 (3): 125-144.
- کریمیان، محمدتقی؛ و لطیفی‌فریبا، امیر، (1386). «بررسی موانع و چالش‌های کارآفرینی فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاهی جویای کار خانم استان گلستان». همایش ملی آموزش‌عالی و کارآفرینی گذشته، حال، آینده.
- محمدی، افشین؛ تلخابی‌علیشاه، علیرضا؛ و لشکری، کبری، (1393). «بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کارآفرینی مدیران روابط عمومی سازمان‌های شهر تهران». مطالعات رسانه‌ای، 9 (24): 11-34..
- مردانشاهی، محمدمهدی؛ و نظام‌زاده، اسماعیل، (1396). «عوامل مؤثر بر قصد کارآفرینی مدیران شرکت تعاونی‌های فعال و برتر روستایی شهرستان نکا». تعاون و کشاورزی، 6 (23): 27-52.
- مردیث، جفری، (1371). کارآفرینی. ترجمۀ محمدصادق بنی‌ئیان، مؤسسه کار و تأمین اجتماعی، انتشارات دفتر بین‌المللی کار.
- ناهید، مجتبی، (1388). «چیستی و چرایی کارآفرینی و کارآفرینی سازمانی در یک نگاه». بررسی‌های بازرگانی، 44: 39-58.
- نظریان، مهناز؛ و حسینی، محمود، (1394). «عوامل اقتصادی مؤثر بر توسعۀ کارآفرینی در تعاونی‌های کشاورزی استان تهران». تعاونی و کشاورزی، 4 (15): 119-134.
- نوابخش، مهرداد؛ و زارع‌هرفته، مرضیه، (1389). «بررسی عوامل فرهنگی-اجتماعی مؤثر بر فرهنگ کارآفرینی (مطالعه موردی زنان کارآفرین تهران و حومه)». مجله مدیریت فرهنگی، 4 (7): 1-23.
- وبر، ماکس، (1371). اخلاق پروتستانی و روحیه سرمایه‌داری. ترجمۀ عبدالمعبود انصادری، تهران: سازمان سمت، چاپ اول.
References
- Acs, Z. J. & Szerb, L., (2007). “Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy”. Small business economics, 28(2-3): 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3.
- Ahmadpour Dariani, M., (1999). Entrepreneurship (Definitions, Theories, Models). Pardis Publications, First Edition, Tehran. (In Persian).
- Ahmadpour Dariani, M., Davari, A. & Ramezanpour Nargesi, Gh., (2010). “Business-friendly environment, prerequisite for entrepreneurship development in Iran”. Quarterly Journal of Improvement and Transformation Management Studies, 61: 65-89. (In Persian).
- Ahmadpur Dariani, C. E. & Motallebi, D., (2012). “Long learning model with an integrated approach (provided by the Consortium for Entrepreneurship Education)”. Work & Society Magazine, 134: 21-37. (In Persian).
- Aidis, R., Estrin, S. & Mickiewicz, T., (2008). “Institutions and entrepreneurship development in Russia: Acomparative perspective”. Journal of Business Venturing, 23: 656–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.005
- Aldrich, H. E. & Martínez, M. A., (2001). “Many are called, but few are chosen: An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_14
- Aliabadi, E., Azizi, M., Alam Tabriz, A. & Davari, A., (2018). “Identifying obstacles to implementing entrepreneurship and innovation policies in the development program of the Islamic Republic of Iran”. Quarterly Scientific Research Journal of Innovation and Creativity in the Humanities, 8 (3): 95-132. (In Persian).
- Alvarez, C., Urbano, D., Coduras, A. & Ruiz-Navarro, J., (2011). “Environmental conditions and entrepreneurial activity: a regional comparison in Spain”. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(1): 120-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001111106460
- Anderson, A.R. & Smith, R., (2007). “The Moral Space in Entrepreneurship: an Exploration of Ethical Imperatives and the Moral Legitimacy of being Enterprising”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Journal, 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701672377
- Behzadiannejad, Gh., (2002). “The need to pay attention to entrepreneurship and advanced technologies”. Collection of articles on entrepreneurship and advanced technology, vol. 1, first edition, University Press.
- Boettke, P. J. & Coyne, C. J., (2003). “Entrepreneurship and development: Cause or consequence?”. Advances in Austrian Economics, 6: 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06005-8
- Bygrave, W. D. & Hofer, C. W., (1994). “Theorising about entrepreneurship”. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16 (2): 13-22 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600203
- Cosmin Mihai, N. & Avasilcai, S., (2014). “Environmental Factors Influencing Technological Entrepreneurship: Research Framework and Results”. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109: 1309-1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.630
- Dennis Jr, W. J., (2011). “Entrepreneurship, small business and public policy levers”. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1): 92 106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00316.x
- Donyaei, H. & Yaghoubi, J., (2011). “Strategies for strengthening entrepreneurship in agricultural cooperatives in Zanjan province from the perspective of cooperative managers”. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Capacities of the Cooperative Sector in Socio-Economic and Cultural Development, April 19, 2011, Kish Island.
- Douhan, R., Eliasson, G. & Henrekson, M., (2006). “Israel M. Kirzner: An Outstanding Austrian Contributor to the Economics of Entrepreneurship”. IFN Working Paper No. 678. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9041-y
- Farahbakhsh, N., (2003). “Entrepreneurship and its role in the national economy”. Collection of articles on Entrepreneurship and Advanced Technologies, Tehran University Press: 183. (In Persian).
- Gasse, Y., (1985). “A Strategy for the Promotion and Identification of Potential Entrepreneurs at the Secondary School Level”. In: P.D. Reynolds(ed), Frontier of Entrepreneurship Research, Washington: Babson college. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.630
- Hamidi, N. & Mohammadi, N., (2009). “Individual and corporate entrepreneurship: a study in the General Directorate of Physical Education of Zanjan Province”. Journal of Development and Transformation Management 2: 21-34. (In Persian).
- Hannafey, F. T., (2003). “Entrepreneurship and Ethics: A Literature Review”. Journal of Business Ethics, 46: 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025054220365
- Harper, D., (2003). Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. Routledge: London & New York (chp. 4,5). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203380215 
- Henrekson, M. & Stenkula, M., (2010). “Entrepreneurship and public policy”. In: Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 595-637): Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_21
- Hosseini, T. & Lashkara, F., (2014). “Identifying factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial skills in rural women's cooperatives in Fars Province”. Agricultural Extension and Education Research, 7 (2): 13-33. (In Persian).
- Hysrych, R. D. & Peters, M. F., (2002). Entrepreneurs. Translation, Feyzbakhsh & H, T. assistance. (2003). Institute Sharif University Press. (In Persian).
- Issazadeh, S. & Jahanbakhsh, M., (2012). “The role of institutions in shaping entrepreneurship in selected countries of the world”. Quarterly Journal of Economic Research (Islamic-Iranian Approach), 12 (44): 199-212. (In Persian).
- Jahangiri, A., (2002). “Entrepreneurial Government”. Quarterly Journal of Management and Development Process, 51: 63-71. (In Persian).
- Jahanian, M., (2006). Entrepreneurship. Babol: Computer Science Publications. (In Persian).
- Karimian, M. T. & Latifi Fariba, A., (2007). “Investigating obstacles and challenges to entrepreneurship among female university graduates seeking employment in Golestan province”. National Conference on Higher Education and Entrepreneurship, Past, Present, Future. (In Persian).
- Kazemi-Torqban, M. & Mobaraki, M. H., (2012). “Investigating the effect of entrepreneurship on Iran's economic growth using the Bayesian averaging approach”. Entrepreneurship Development Quarterly, 5 (3): 125-144. (In Persian).
- Luke, B., (2006). “Exploring strategic entrepreneurship in the public sector”. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 3(1): 4-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766090610659724
- Lundström, A. & Stevenson, L. A., (2005). “Entrepreneurship Policy Typologies”. Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice: 117-152. ISBN 0387242023, 9780387242026.
- Mardanshahi, M. M. & Nezamzadeh, E., (2017). “Factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of managers of active and superior rural cooperatives in Neka County”. Cooperatives and Agriculture, 6 (23): 27-52. (In Persian).
- Meredith, J., (1992). Entrepreneurship. translated by Mohammad Sadeq Bani-Ian, Institute of Labor and Social Security, International Labor Office Publications.
- Mohammadi, A., Talkhabi Alishah, A. & Lashkari, K., (2014). “Study of factors affecting entrepreneurship of public relations managers of organizations in Tehran”. Media Studies, 9 (24): 11-34. (In Persian).
- Nahid, M., (2009). “What and Why of Entrepreneurship and Organizational Entrepreneurship at a Glance”. Business Reviews, 44: 39-58. (In Persian).
- Nanid, M., (2011). Investigate the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial. Available at: www.mojtabanahid.blogfa.com. (In Persian).
- Navabakhsh, M. & Zare-Herfteh, M., (2010). “Investigating socio-cultural factors affecting entrepreneurial culture (case study of women entrepreneurs in Tehran and its suburbs)”. Journal of Cultural Management, 4 (7): 1-23. (In Persian).
- Nazarian, M. & Hosseini, M., (2015). “Economic factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in agricultural cooperatives in Tehran province”. Cooperatives and Agriculture, 4 (15): 119-134. (In Persian).
- Palmer, M., (1987). “The Application of Psychological Testing to Entrepreneurial Potential”. Inc. Baumback J. Mancuso (eds). Entrepreneurship and Venture Management N.J: Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26031.43764
- Redford, D. T., (2012). Entrepreneurship and Public Policy in Today and Tomorrow's Portuguese republic. University of California. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14721.38244
- Rezaian, A., (2001). Fundamentals and Organization of Management. Tehran: Samt Publications, Vol. 3, 2001. (In Persian).
- Rezazadeh, H., Sheikhan, N. & Ahmadpour Dariani, M., (2002). “Entrepreneurship in Germany”. Specialized Monthly Marketing Magazine, 22: 58-60. (In Persian).
- Schumpeter, J., (1934). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-203-26611-0 (Adobe eReader Format)
- Shah Hosseini, A., (2004). Entrepreneurship. Tehran: Aizh Publications. (In Persian).
- Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S., (2000). “The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research”.Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 217-226https://doi.org/10.2307/259271
- Shirvand, F., Mazhari, R., Mohammadi-Khiyare, M. & Tomaj, Abdul-S., (2019). “Investigating the impact of formal and informal institutional factors on entrepreneurship and its consequences on economic growth: Evidence from MENA countries (2008-2015)”. 5 (54: 1): 209-233. (In Persian).
- Sobel, R. S., Clark, J. R. & Dwight, R. L., (2007). “Freedom, barriers to entry, entrepreneurship, and economic progress”. Rev Austrian Econ, 20: 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-007-0023-3
- Timmons, J., (1997). Creating New Venture. Prentice hall publication. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272682121_New_Venture_Creation
- Weber, M., (1992). Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. translated by Abdolmaboud Ansadari, Samt Organization, first edition. (In Persian).
- Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R., (1999). “Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”. Small Business Economics, 13: 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008063200484
- Zali, M. R., Razavi, M., Yadollahi, J. & Kardanaiej, A., (2010). Assessing the Status of Entrepreneurship in Iran. First Edition, Tehran: Institute of Labor and Social Security. (In Persian).
- www.thegedi.org.
 
Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research
Volume 14, Issue 27
March 2026
Pages 9-35

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics