From the Hole to the Well (An Interdisciplinary and Integrative View of Contemporary Sociology on Double Poverty and Quality of Life in Tehran)

Abstract
From the time when the rural poor migrant rises from “the hole in the village and falls into the well in the city” in the vicious cycle and process of underdevelopment, double poverty sprouts and all kinds of its negative and unwanted functions. It appears and is revealed. With this description, Based on the inconsistency, conflict and conflict between the desirable state of the quality of urban life and its current state in the statistical population of the present study, a sociological survey with a comparative, integrative and interdisciplinary approach was conducted in some areas of Tehran, which is part of the findings. It is compiled and reported in this article. The mentioned research was carried out with the benefit of mixed methods and with the support of a unified theoretical system in the territory and urban scope of districts 10 and 17 of Tehran Municipality, and in the quantitative and survey part of the research, 400 sample units/urban households were sampled using the G.power sampling method. They were selected and measured with the tool of collecting questionnaires with a validity of about 94% of Cronbach’s alpha test, and the results of some of them are reported in the explanatory section of this article. The culture of urban poverty, poverty of urban space, and urban damage in these areas are noticeable and at the same time different and distinct, and in the research hypothesis, a significant and decisive contribution of each of them was tested in explaining the quality of urban life in the neighborhoods of these areas. In the test of the theoretical model of the research, it can be analyzed that the construction of the structure of the quality of urban life in the neighborhoods of the 10th and 17th urban areas of Tehran Municipality is based on the context of the culture of urban poverty with an impact factor of 46% and the context of urban poverty with an impact factor of 26%. The percentage that causes the birth and reproduction of new damages called urban damages (with an impact factor of 14%) and this way determines the quality of urban life in a total of about 85%. In other words, the consequence factor of the multidimensional, complex and stable structure of the quality of urban life is the interpretation and representation of the chain of factors caused by the process of double poverty and unbalanced development of the city of Tehran, which has been tested in the form of a causal model.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Quality of Urban Life, Culture of Urban Poverty, Urban Damages, Double Poverty.
 
1. Introduction
migration from the village as the end result of the negative and hidden function of unstable development in a country is the point of starting of the unbalanced urban development process in that country. According to Michael to Daru (2020), a renowned expert on contemporary ideas on development when a rural poor immigrant rises from the “hole in the village and falls into a well in the city” in the flawed process of underdevelopment, double poverty its sprouts and all kinds of unwanted and unwanted negetive functions appear. with this description, although the life of victims of undevelopment has not quality, but also has many damages on their life. On the other hand, according to the newest research findings (Mohajeri, 2019), (Vaez, Mahdavi et al, 2013) (Bagheri et al ,2019) as well as the evaluation of the “Nambeo” website (2020), the quality of life in Tehran city is in the category of 225 between world cities. these evaluations that based on average of indicators in quality in the compared with Canberra as a city that done in 2020 shows that as an average purchasing power, security, health, facilities, housing prices, traffic, weather, etc. Tehran has a worse condition. This condition in the inner of Tehran city, has many variances and many attentions so that subject of research and the problem of that is very important and it’s very necessary to done it.
As an example, if the quality of urban life as an interaction between resources, facilities, opportunities, cultural and social platforms to supply economics, social, cultural, citizen, individual needs and also reception, evaluation and satisfaction of individual and groups to reaching to their needs is to be considered. At that time the level of satisfaction of quality urban life in some neighborhoods and research area is very low and among the 354 neighborhoods of Tehran it is the lowest.
 
2. Framework Theoretical
Based on interdisciplinary theories and especially in the integrated paradigm of contemporary sociology and related to research factors, we framed the theoretical system of the current research. This theoretical system includes theories: poverty (Bennett Grieve, 2020), (Giddens construct-agency (2014)), Bourdieus field and character (2015) urban space (Lofer,2020), Consensus hopes and defenseless urban spaces of David Harvey (2016) and integrated and combined theories of the quality of urban life (Marans, 2011).
Based on the aforementioned theoretical framework, the type and extend of social harms their reproduction, physical structures and urban space due to the presence of the powerful factor of urban poverty culture and the main components of this factor in the form of double poverty in the urban space and the quality of urban life of the research population constructs in the field of life in a two-way mental and operative (macro level) and objective and structural (macro level) 
 
3. Methods
For description of some research constructs such as culture of urban poverty as the use of conceptual and theoretical literature for research we use findings focus group. as a mean of definition in the field of urban damages types of modalities the daily population movement and its sample urban especially in terms of physical and dense dimensions we use finding of this specialized focus groups. on the other hand, in the process of study the exploration of sub-survey that we used the volume of sample which is a smaller and about 35 people in each region.
 
4. Findings
 Based on the findings based on the findings of survey and research and also benefiting from the documentary findings of the research, the following things are noticeable and worthy of consideration in the field of the statistical community of the research as follows.
Districts 10 and 17 of Tehran city/the statistical population of the research are the smallest and most worn-out cities of Tehran. of course, the average area of building in 10 municipalities is 12 meters less than the region of the 17th Hashimi district with 74% has the highest and 17 District with 50% has the lowest ownership for their properties. Therefore, the Hashemites are the most owners and the Yaftabadis are the most tenants. “Ethnic structure” and cultural diversity of the research neighborhoods are very interesting. Yaftabadis and Hashemi neighborhoods have the most differences in ethnic culture with 56% and 35% Azari dialect. The conditions for the formation of damage and crime causing modalities are high in the 10 region and the conditions for the formation of economic and healthy modalities are more prone in the 17 regions. Hashimi neighborhood with an average of 87% male head of the household compared to 98% of Yaftabadis neighborhood has more women than Yaftabadis neighborhood. the age of family heads in Hashemi neighborhood is about 55 years old on average, and their education is on average and their education is on average 8 classes of literacy, the place of birth is 59% Tehrani, etc. is very different from Yaftabadis neighborhood. Employment is less in 10 neighborhoods and around 47% in Hashem neighborhood and more for 17 neighborhood and around 71% for Yaftabadis neighborhood. the average building age of neighborhoods of 17 and 10 regions are different and have more variance. Hashemi neighborhood is very dilapidated with about 33 years and Yaftabadis neighborhood is less dilapidated with 18 years. In accordance to research finding and based on the test of its casual model, culture of urban poverty explains variance of life quality factor in directly 73% via quality factors in urban space and the amount of prevalence of type of urban damages and indirectly 12.4% and in total 85% is explain. In order to clearly and accurately carry out the effect of independent factors on the dependent factor of the research, he showed all the factors of the research in the form of a causal model and by measuring the effect coefficient of the factors directly and indirectly on the factor related to the measurement, the findings of which are shown in the table No.2 reported.
 
5. Conclusion
On the other hand, the unstable development of the country as a structure of the whole system, causes the formation of the driving factor and cause of the culture of urban poverty double poverty in some areas of cities that accept immigrants and on the other hand, according to numerous research finding such as Mohajeri (2021), and Asadollah Naqdi (2006), the negative consequences of hasty intervention measures in solving the problems of marginalization are urban life. Therefore, the quality of urban life of the statistical population is an interpretation of urban damage caused by double poverty and the culture of urban poverty resulting from unbalanced development and the negative consequences of intervention measures of urban management. This situation finally causes, according to the Michael Tu Daro (2019), The rural poor rises from “ The hole in the village and sinks in to the well in the city.” It should be recommended to the urban planners and management of Tehran city that due to the existence of trauma modalities and diversity of urban damages and especially the feminization of urban damages in their statistical population, it is assumed that urban researchers, continuous researches especially To be carried out in the field of urban, social and women’s security. The city administration should refrain from carrying out hasty and interventionist actions without social and cultural attachments in the urban area especially in the poor and marginalized eyes areas of the city. Because due to the implementation of hasty intervention measures without social connections such as Yadeghar Imam, highway urban regeration, etc. many negative consequences have been created in the scope of the current research, which have created tension in crisis and it is almost impossible to compensate for them. Support organizations such as the imam relief committee the welfare organization supports and charity reference groups such as different sermons should change their approaches and policies based on the detailed findings of this research. security organizations especially Faraja, should drastically change their approach programs and security measures.