Studying the Effect of Perceptual Social Disorganization and Collective Efficacy on Deviant Behaviors

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

3 M.A. in Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
The present research aims to investigate the impact of perceptual social disorganization and the collective efficacy of deviant behaviors among University of Mazandaran students. The method of this survey research was stratified random sampling in proportion to the volume. The tool for collecting information in the current research is a questionnaire, and 411 questionnaires have been analyzed. The results of the analysis of the findings show that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of deviant behavior. The results of the path analysis test have also shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; And there is an inverse and significant relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. According to the findings, people’s perception of social disorder has an effect on crime. In other words, disorder increases fear of crime, which in turn reduces social control/collective efficacy and makes neighborhoods vulnerable to criminal invasion. Keywords: deviance, social disorganization, collective efficacy, fear of crime.
Keywords: Deviance, Social Disorganization, Collective Efficacy, Fear of Crime.
 
1. Introduction
Those actions that deviate from social norms, values and beliefs are called deviant behaviors, in a wide range of deviant actions there are behaviors from violent crimes to joining a nudist colony. Not all crimes are deviant or unusual actions, and not all deviant actions are illegal (Siegel, 2010: 5, 4). Sociologists generally define “deviance” as a violation of the norms of a society or the rules of a group, which is called blame, condemnation or punishment for the “offender”. (Good and Ben Yehuda, 2009: 110). Due to the industrialization of society and the spread of cultural contradictions, we have faced a situation where the number of crimes has increased and the feeling of security among people has decreased. Disorder indirectly increases crime, increases the level of fear, and leads to low social engagement and collective efficacy, conditions that reduce the ability to control more serious crimes (Markowitz, 2001: 297).). The theory of collective efficacy is rooted in the approach of social disorganization and has something in common with it in terms of emphasizing structural deprivation and the prevalence of social networks at the community level. (Browning, 2002:385).
 
2. Materials and Methods
The research method of the present research is survey and cross-sectional, and a questionnaire was used to collect information. The unit of analysis of the current research is the individual (student) and as a result, its analysis is also at the micro level. In the current research, the research population is all the students of Mazandaran University who studied in 1400-1401. According to the statistics obtained from the educational management of the university, the total number of students in Mazandaran University is 13,428, 8,326 are women and 5,102 are men. In the current research, the statistical sample was 400 people randomly with an error of 5%. The sampling method in this research was stratified random sampling proportional to the volume. In this research, the gender of the students was considered as a class and an effort was made to distribute the sample size according to the size of each class (men and women).
 
3. Data
The total number of the sample is 411, of which 59.4 percent are girls and 40.6 percent are boys. 21-year-olds make up the largest number of respondents (23.8 percent). 20 and 19-year-olds are in the next categories with 23.6% and 15.2%, respectively. 93% of the respondents are married people and the rest are single people. Bachelor’s degree students have almost 90% of the respondents, master’s degree and doctorate are the next ranks with 8.8% and 1.2% respectively. 80% of the respondents live in the city and 17.5% in the village. Also, the data shows that the ratio of girls and boys is almost equal in terms of living in the city and the village. The results show that female students reported less deviant behavior compared to male students. But this difference is very small and limited. So that if the female students have chosen the option more than ten times in the question of using hookah in the last 30 days, 2.5%, the male respondents have chosen this option 2.3%.
The obtained results show that the imaginary social disorder variable has a direct and significant effect on students’ deviant behavior at the 99% confidence level of 0.308**. The imaginary physical disorder variable has a direct and significant effect on students’ fear of crime at the 95% confidence level of 0.149*. Also, the examination of the beta coefficient in the previous regression tables shows that the inverse relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy in the group of boys is significant with a beta coefficient of -0.158. And the imaginary physical disorder variable with a beta coefficient of 0.237 has a direct and significant effect on the deviant behavior of the boys group. While in the group of girls, perceived social disorder with a beta coefficient of 0.374 is effective on the deviant behavior of this group. Finally, according to the general model, out of 8 research hypotheses, 3 hypotheses have been confirmed. Another hypothesis of the research, which indicated the existence of an inverse relationship between the fear of crime and collective efficacy, has been confirmed among the group of boys. The main propositions of the research according to the theories used and also the results of the analysis are: There is a positive relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and students’ fear of crime; And there is an inverse relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy.
 
4. Discussion
The effect coefficients show the relationship between imagined social disorder and deviant behavior. While the effect coefficient of the relationship between imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior shows that this relationship was positive and significant only among boys. According to the thesis of broken windows (Ros, 2002:184), most crimes occur in areas where signs of disorder and disorder are observed; Because it shows the sign that social control is at a lower level due to the residents’ indifference. Another hypothesis of the current research implies that there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; Based on the obtained results, this hypothesis is also confirmed. Another research hypothesis implies that there is a negative relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. This hypothesis was not confirmed among all students, but research data shows that this hypothesis was confirmed among male students. A look at internal research shows that in none of them, the variable of collective efficacy is defined as an independent variable. Although sometimes similar structures such as informal control and social capital (Rabbani, 1388), impoliteness and attachment to the neighborhood (Ahmadi, 1388; Sirajzadeh, 1389), disorder (Rabbani, 1388) in this Researches have been used, but perhaps it can be said that the most important weakness of these researches. Lack of attention to the scope of the concept of fear of crime, neglect of direct and indirect paths, and lack of attention to control variables and as a result the possibility of false relationships are among the weaknesses of these researches (Alivardinia and Hasani, 2013: 257-256).
 
5. Conclusion
In general, behaviors and signs that indicate social disorder; Over time, it creates a sense of fear of crime in some residents. In this case, these residents leave these areas and this in itself causes the effect of social control to decrease. (Risiga, 2004,16). One of the important paths leading to the fear of crime through neighborhoods and the neighborhood system is the social, economic, and structural features of the environment, which, according to observations, are important in adjusting and regulating low-level disorder and criminal behavior. Especially in this regard, the early work of Shaw and Mackey (1942) is important, which deals with the role of social disorganization in the emergence of antisocial and criminal behavior, or at least the failure to prevent it (Smith, 2011:333). In contrast to the effect of recorded crimes, existing researches have supported the effect of the social and organizational characteristics of neighborhoods and the neighborhood system on crime. Researchers have observed a higher level of fear in intercity areas compared to urban and rural areas and high population density.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research
Volume 12, Issue 23
March 2024
Pages 131-168

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