Inflation and the Cycle of Reproduction of Social Problem

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Associated Professor. Department of social sciences, Faculty of Social sciences and Economics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran (Corresponding Author).

2 Assistant Professor, Department of social sciences, Faculty of Social sciences and Economics, Bu-Ali sina university, Hamedan, Iran.

3 Associated Professor, Department of social sciences, Faculty of Social sciences and Economics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
Inflation, in the common way, is considered an economic phenomenon. This position neglects the destabilizing role of inflation in other economic activities, in the ineffectiveness of political power under the continuous process of weakening society (spreading poverty and increasing inequality), creating destructive mentalities and morals. Social and finally the escalation of inflation are caused by non-monetary and non-economic phenomena. The mutual effects between different dimensions of the inflation phenomenon eventually lead to a cycle that we have called “social problem reproduction cycle” in this article. This cycle on the one hand the result of highlighting the complex and multi-layered effects arising from chronic inflation is in the framework of the triple relationship of government-society-market, and on the other hand, it is the result of the collapse of cognitive order and the creation of an unstable mentality among social activists. Finally, people caught in chronic inflation find themselves in they see confused and confused, conditions that are considered to strengthen the state-centered discourse environment. In this situation, the people of the society, first of all, start their daily life with a mentality based on scarcity, and they remain in the process of recreating the social order according to their own desires and interests. Cognitive poverty, therefore, is an inevitable consequence that ultimately leads to the weakening of the power of society along with the illusion of greater power of the state, because in the vacuum resulting from instability, the mind seeks to highlight the role of the actor who manifests the horizon of problem solving. However, what is ultimately achieved will be the duality of weak society and weak state.
Keywords: Social Problem, Reproduction, Inflation, Cognitive Order.
 
1. Introduction
Inflation is the increasing and irregular trend of price increases in the economy and means an indirect tax on the people in a way that the poorer section suffers more. Inflation refers to a situation in which the demand for money for a product grows relative to production, a situation that, in the absence of effective control, manifests itself as an increase in the price of a unit of a produced good. Inflation can occur in acute, hidden and overt forms, and hyperinflation. In the economic policy literature, price stability is considered the primary objective of monetary policy. In the past decade, central banks have pursued inflation control through monetary policy tools rather than focusing on economic growth and job creation, and the debate over inflation control strategies has expanded dramatically. Inflation can clearly be considered a social hazard, while its continuation leads to the increasing commodification of labor and its combination with problems such as high unemployment rates leads to damage to the self-esteem of young people and a decrease in the job security of the labor force. As the problems increase and the role of the government in providing for the basic needs of the people decreases, society suffers from some increasing social disorders and periodic chaos, which itself indicates the spread of economic problems to other areas of social life. Given that inflation is the opposite of economic stability, and that the Iranian economy has had a double-digit inflation rate of 10 to 30 percent for 50 years, addressing the consequences of inflation in the social dimension is important. Historically, a prominent economist and philosopher such as Adam Smith, in his book The Wealth of Nations, state that there are three sources of income: wages, profit, and rent, the first and second of which are the cause of inflation, and the third is its effect. Keynes also refers to the consequences of inflation in his famous book The Economic Consequences of Peace, and among other things, notes that all social contracts are destroyed in inflationary conditions, and inflationary policies cause productive sectors to be subjugated by non-productive sectors. Looking at the issue of inflation and the issues arising from it from a sociological perspective has a long history in the research tradition in Western research centers. On this basis, we can address the question of the nature of the consequences of inflation in society from a psychological, sociological, ethical, and political perspective.
 
2. Materials and Methods
To understand a human phenomenon, it should not be limited to the realm of study of a specific knowledge. The trend towards interdisciplinary studies, especially in the humanities and social sciences, confirms this approach. Numerous examples of social consequences resulting from economic policies can be mentioned in this regard. For example, we can point to the increase in social harms as a result of the implementation of structural adjustment programs in the country during the years of the construction government. By creating increasing inflation, these programs led to the spread and depth of poverty and therefore the spread of harms such as theft. Another aspect of the political consequences of these programs on a global scale was the creation of often corrupt governments in many developing countries.
 
3. Discussion
Inflation and continuous changes in the prices of goods and services provide a kind of wandering for the economically disadvantaged groups of society. In fact, the constant examination of prices that are constantly changing and “moving” gives a special appearance to the goods and creates a magical character around them. In this situation, the consumer redefines his relationship with goods and services and looks at them as a spectator and wanders in the fluctuating world of prices. This situation, especially with the expansion of Internet access, has also taken on a virtual form and leads curious visitors to constantly examine prices without the intention of buying or selling and simply as a recreational activity. Of course, the constant change in prices also has a worrying and anxiety-like nature, opening up a sense of fear and anxiety in front of the individual and driving or throwing him into a chaotic and disorderly world. Accordingly, a kind of collective spirit and morality based on instability prevails. In fact, social conditions and the conditions of the system The structures and institutional environment of a society affect the mentalities, attitudes, morals and personalities of individuals and, for example, make them risk-taking or risk-averse, pessimistic or positive, aggressive or tolerant, forward-looking or profit-seeking, and egoistic or collectivist. Whether a sense of self-efficacy and self-efficacy is prevalent in the social mentality of a people or whether the opposite is learned helplessness and social phobia are at the back of their minds, all have a social explanation. In such an order, individuals have the least reason and excuse to circumvent the law and rules. Sustainable benefit is achieved through social order.
The impact of inflation on society and social structure is evaluated, especially in relation to class changes. Some studies in this field have focused on the effects of inequality arising from inflation on social stratification and the social problems arising from it, or have also paid attention to the individual and psychological effects of inflation. In the field of behavioral economics, the dominance of market norms can be a consequence of the growth of inflation, which ultimately narrows the space for voluntary activities and expands the logic of the market to all areas. Ultimately, inflation leads to the dual weakening of the state and society, preventing both from being empowered, and replacing the desired situation of a weak state-weak society with a strong state-strong society, thus seriously hindering the path of development.
 
4. Conclusion
From the perspective of political economy, inflation leads to the weakening of society against the state and strengthens the illegitimate power of the state over collective life (weak society against the domineering state), which is itself anti-development, because it ultimately weakens the state and leads to the weak state-weak society duality. At the individual level, anxiety caused by economic instability affects everyone, both rich and poor. A sense of urgency, confusion, and constant flux replaces a sense of relative stability and predictability, and a tendency toward isolation and a sense of meaninglessness spreads. Thus, mental order is at risk of decline, and uncertainty replaces certainty. In such a context, a kind of desire for a centralized, strong, problem-solving state is strengthened and becomes the solution to the same problem. At the macro level, economic instability is part of the process of political instability and can cause rebellions, movements, and revolutions. The effects of inflation can be divided into classes and groups. Different social factors should be assessed and then their consequences for the entire social structure should be considered. A society caught in inflation inevitably falls short of its essential needs, towards meeting material necessities. It is clear that in these circumstances, the space necessary to respond to more transcendent needs such as self-esteem, individual independence, the development of talents, the pursuit of cultural desires and needs, and similar matters, is marginalized.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

- احمدی‌شادمهری، محمدطاهر؛ عثمانی، فریبا؛ و چشمی، مهدی، (1402). «بررسی اثر پیچیدگی اقتصادی و ثبات سیاسی بر تورم (شواهدی از کشورهای در حال توسعه آسیا)». فصل‌نامه اقتصاد پولی، مالی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، 30(26): 115-134. https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.74070.1145
- آریلی، دن، (1401). بی‌منطقی‌های هر روز ما، نیروهای پنهان که به جای ما تصمیم می گیرند. ترجمۀ الناز اعلم، چاپ سوم، تهران: شباهنگ.
- افراسیابی، حسین؛ و بهارلوئی، مریم، (1399). «پیامدهای تورم در زندگی روزمرۀ جوانان طبقۀ پایین». مجله جامعه‌شناسی کاربردی، (4)31: 44-23. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2020.118863.1771
- افراسیابی، حسین؛ و بهارلوئی، مریم، (1398). «مطالعه کیفی بازتاب تورم اقتصادی در زندگی روزمره بازنشستگان». فصل‌نامه برنامه‌ریزی رفاه توسعه اجتماعی، 10(14): 37-33. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2019.11186
- اسمیت، آدام، (1397). «ثروت ملل». ترجمۀ سیروس ابراهیم‌زاده، تهران: پیام.
- اسلیتر، دن؛ و تونکیس، فرن، (1390). جامعه بازار، بازار و نظریه اجتماعی مدرن. تهران: نی.
- احتشامی، انوشیروان، (1395). اقتصادسیاسی، جنگ و انقلاب، بررسی سیردگرگونی در منطقۀ خلیج فارس. ترجمۀ ایوب فرخند و محمد سلامی‌استاد، تهران: دنیای اقتصاد.
- احمدی، حمید؛ و ستاری، سجاد(1392). «اقتصاد سیاسی توسعه نیافتگی خصوصی‌سازی در ایران: رویکردهای موجود، رهیافت جدید». مجله سیاست، 43(2): 49-68. https://doi.org/10.22059/jpq.2013.35656
- الیوت، جان ای.، (1386). «نهادگرایی به‌عنوان رهیافتی به اقتصاد سیاسی». ترجمۀ آرش اسلامی، علی نصیری‌اقدم، مجله اقتصادسیاسی، 2(5): 63-92.
- ایگلتون، تری، (1399). امید بدون خوش‌بینی. ترجمۀ معظم وطن‌‌خواه و مسعود شیربچه، چاپ دوم، تهران: نشرگستره.
- باباخانی، فرهاد؛ و عظیمی، رضا، (1402). «اثر سرمایۀ اجتماعی بر توسعه اقتصادی و سیاسی». دو فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جامعه‌شناسی معاصر، 12(23): 9-28. https://doi.org/10.22084/csr.2023.24651.1990
- بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، نرخ تورم سالیانه، https://www.cbi.ir/Inflation/Inflation_FA.aspx.
- بک، اولریش، (1397). جامعه خطر: به‌سوی مدرنیته‌ای نوین. ترجمۀ رضا فاضل و مهدی فرهمندنژاد، تهران: نشر ثالث.
- براونینگ، گری؛ و کیلمیستر، اندرو، (1399). اقتصاد سیاسی انتقادی و پسا انتقادی. ترجمۀ محمود عبدالله‌زاده، تهران: فرهنگ جاوید.
- برگر، بریجت؛ برگر، پیتر؛ و کلنر، هانسفلید، (1381). ذهن بی‌خانمان: نوسازی و آگاهی. ترجمۀ محمد ساوجی، تهران: نی.
- بیات، آصف، (1399). سیاست‌های خیابانی، جنبش تهی‌دستان در ایران. ترجمۀ سید اسدالله نبوی‌چاشمی، تهران: شیرازه.
- بخشی‌آنی، رضا؛ عباسی، مجید؛ و رحیمی‌نژاد، محمدعلی، (1400). «متغیرهای اقتصادی وسیاسی حاکم‌بر روابط راهبردی ایران و چین». دوفصلنامۀ مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بین الملل، 4(2): 423-462.
- بابایی، فاطمه، (1380). تعدیل ساختاری، فقر و ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی. تهران:کویر.
- پاول، بنجامین، (1399). بی‌کارگاه‌ها در اقتصاد جهانی. ترجمۀ علی حبیبی، تهران: دنیای اقتصاد.
- پریچت، لنت؛ وولکاک، مایکل؛ و وآندروز، مت، (1399). توسعه به مثابه توانمندسازی حکومت. ترجمۀ جعفر خیرخواهان و مسعود درودی، تهران: روزنه.
- حاجی‌غلام، علی، (1390). «تحلیل تأثیر تورم بر مسائل اجتماعی با استفاده از رویکرد پویایی‌های سیستمی». نخستین کنفرانس ملی رویکردسیستمی در ایران، شیراز، https://civilica.com/doc/144077.
- حسین‌زاده، علی‌حسین؛ محمودی، زینب؛ و ممبینی، ایمان، (1392). «بررسی برخی عوامل مؤثر بر کنش‌های فردگرایانه». دوفصلنامه پژوهش‌های جامعه‌شناسی معاصر، 2(3): 37-52. https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_941.html
- خانی‌جوی‌آباد، محمود، (1399). اقتصاد سیاسی و سیاست خارجی، بررسی تطبیقی تأثیر اقتصادسیاسی برسیاست خارجی ایران، چین و هند. تهران: دنیای اقتصاد.
- شاکری، عباس؛ و باقرپور، الناز، (1402). «بررسی ماهیت تورم در اقتصاد ایران». مجله پژوهش‌های اقتصادی ایران، 28(94): 47-79. https://doi.org/10.22054/ijer.2022.63350.1036
- دین‌محمدی، مصطفی؛ و نریمانی، مریم، (1394). «پیامدهای اخلاقی تورم». کنفرانس بین المللی مدیریت، فرهنگ و توسعه اقتصادی، مشهد، https://civilica.com/doc/42756.
- درگاهی، حسن؛ و بیرانوند، امین، (1398). «بررسی رابطۀ آسیب‌های اجتماعی و رشد اقتصادی ایران با تأکید بر سرمایۀ انسانی در الگوی رشد درون‌زا». فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه، 23(3): 59-100. DOR: 20.1001.1.22519092.1397.23.3.5.1
- رشیدی، احمد؛ و موسوی، سیدصالح، (1398). «درآمدهای نفتی و آثار متعارض آن بر رشد و توسعۀ اقتصادی در ایران و نروژ». دوفصلنامه مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بین‌الملل، 2(1): 153-184. https://doi.org/10.22126/ipes.2019.1209
- رئیس‌جعفری، رسول، (1399). روایت یک فروپاشی، بن‌بست نظام سلطنتی از نگاه کارگزاران آن. تهران: نهادگرا.
- رنانی، محسن؛ و مؤیدفر، روزیتا، (1392). چرخه‌های افول اخلاق و اقتصاد سرمایۀ اجتماعی و توسعه ایران. تهران: طرح نو.
- زیبری، هدی؛ ابراهیمی، سهند، (1393). «تورم و کاهش سرمایۀ اجتماعی در ایران». برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه، 19(4): 182-212. DOR: 20.1001.1.22519092.1393.19.4.4.4
- سومبارت، ورنر، (1398). تجمل و سرمایه‌داری: روایت فرهنگی تاریخ تحول سرمایه‌داری. ترجمۀ امیرحسین مجتهدزاده، تهران: دنیای اقتصاد.
- عباسی‌نژاد، حسین؛ صادقی، مینا؛ و رمضانی، هادی، (1393). «بررسی رابطه جرائم اجتماعی و متغیرهای اقتصادی در ایران». برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه، 19(3): 69-91. DOR: 20.1001.1.22519092.1393.19.3.3.1
- غفاری‌نژاد، امیرحسین؛ و مداح، مجید، (1400). «ارزیابی و تحلیل شاخص جامع در قاب سیاسی در استان‌های ایران(1379-1398)». دوفصلنامه مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بین‌الملل، 4(2): 625-659. https://doi.org/10.22126/ipes.2021.6611.1385
- فراستخواه، مقصود، (1396). ذهن و همه چیز، طرح‌واره‌هایی برای زیستن. چاپ دوم، تهران: نشر کرگدن.
- فراستخواه، مقصود، (1395). ما ایرانیان، زمینه کاوی تاریخی واجتماعی خلقیات ایرانی. تهران: نشر نی.
- فرنقی، الهام؛ پریور، اورانوس؛ و توفیقی، حمید، (1393). «تورم، نااطمینانی تورم، و رشد تولید در ایران». پژوهشنامه اقتصاد و کسب و کار، 5(7): 1-14.
- قدیری‌اصل، باقر، (1378). «آثار اقتصادی، اجتماعی تورم در ایران». فصل‌نامه تأمین اجتماعی، 2(1): 88-98.
- کاستلز، مانوئل، (1398). شبکه‌های خشم و امید، جنبش‌های اجتماعی در عصر اینترنت. ترجمۀ مجتبی قلی‌پور، تهران: نشر مرکز.
- کاظمی، عباس، (1396). پرسه‌زنی و زندگی روزمره ایرانی. چاپ سوم، تهران: انتشارات فرهنگ جاوید.
- کاظم‌پور، عبدالمحمد؛ و گودرزی، محسن، (1401). چه شد؟داستان افول اجتماع در ایران. چاپ چهارم، تهران: اگر.
- محمدکریمی، یوسف؛ عربیون، ابوالقاسم؛ و یزدان‌پرست، مهدی، (1401). «مطالعه اثرات بی‌ثباتی سیاست‌های توسعه مالی و نااطمینانی نرخ تورم بر رشد اقتصادی کسب و کارهای بخش کشاورزی». مجله اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه، 119(1): 71-97. https://doi.org/10.30490/aead.2023.352775.1287
- مولاینیتن، سندهیل؛ و شفیر، الوار، (1399). فقر احمق می‌کند. ترجمۀ سیدامیرحسین میرابوطالبی، تهران: انتشارات ترجمان.
- مجموعه نویسندگان، (1397). مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش ملی دولت پژوهی. مشهد: دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
- مکی‌پور، ذبیح الله؛ و ربانی، علی، (1392). «بررسی علل اقتصادی آسیب‌های اجتماعی با تأکید بر رابطه تورم و جرایم در طی سال‌های 1370 تا 1390». پژوهش‌های راهبردی امنیت و نظم اجتماعی، 2(2): 79-98. https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17095.html
- مرزبان، حسین؛ و نجاتی، مهدی، (1388). «شکست ساختاری در ماندگاری تورم ومنحنی فیلیپس در ایران». فصل‌نامه مدل‌سازی اقتصادی، 3(2): 1-26.
- مومنی، فرشاد، (1374). علم اقتصاد و بحران در اقتصاد ایران. تهران:دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
-  مهربانی، وحید، (1389). «تأثیرپذیری طبقات اجتماعی از تورم در ایران». مجله تحقیقات اقتصادی، 45(90): 207-227. DOR: 20.1001.1.00398969.1389.45.1.10.1
- نقدی، یزدان؛ کاغذیان، سهیلا؛ لشگری‌زاده، مریم، (1399). «مقایسه اثرات تورم و بیکاری بر امنیت اجتماعی در ایران». پژوهشنامه نظم و امنیت انتظامی، 13(3): 1-26. 
- نقدی، یزدان؛ کاغذیان، سهیلا؛ و عفتی، فرشید، (1402). «بررسی و پیش‌بینی تورم در اقتصاد ایران با استفاده از روش میانگین‌گیری بیزی». مجله سیاست‌گذاری اقتصادی، 15(39): 307-333. https://doi.org/10.22034/epj.2024.20345.2456
- نورث، داگلاس‌سسیل؛ والیس، جان‌جوزف؛ و وینگاست، باری‌آر، (1397). خشونت نظام‌های اجتماعی، چارچوبی مفهومی برای تفسیر تاریخ مکتوب بشر. ترجمۀ بهنام ذوقی رودسری، تهران: نشر شیرازه.
-نیلی، مسعود، و همکاران، (1394). اقتصاد ایران به کدام سو می‌رود؟ تهران: دنیای اقتصاد.
- وایت، اندرو دیکسون، (1399). تورم و اخلاق، کتابی برای همه دربارۀ یک تجربه تاریخی. ترجمۀ سیدحسن دیباج، تهران: انتشارات دنیای اقتصاد.
- وبر، ماکس، (1400). اخلاق پروتستانی و روح سرمایه‌داری. ترجمۀ عبدالکریم رشیدیان و پریسا منوچهری‌کاشانی، تهران: علمی وفرهنگی.
- هانتینگتون، ساموئل، (1382). سامان سیاسی در جوامع دستخوش دگرگونی. ترجمۀ محسن ثلاثی، چاپ سوم، تهران: نشرعلمی.
- هایک، فردریش فون، (1399). راه بردگی. ترجمۀ فریدون تفضلی و حمید پاداش، تهران: نگاه معاصر.
- هنیه، آدام، (1399). تبار خیزش: مسائل سرمایه‌داری معاصر در خاورمیانه. ترجمۀ لادن احمدیان‌هروی، تهران: پژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطات.
- والرشتاین، امانوئل، (1400). علوم اجتماعی را بگشایید، گزارشی در باب ساختاربندی مجدد علوم اجتماعی. ترجمۀ مهدی معافی، تهران: پگاه روزگار نو.
- یحیوی‌دیزج، جعفر؛ و همکاران، (1397). «رابطه بین عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی و آسیب های اجتماعی در کشورهای منتخب بارویکرد گشتاورهای تعمیم‌یافته». فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی، 18(68): 167-199. https://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3182-fa.html
- Abbasinejad, H., Sadeghi, M. & Varmezani, H., (2014). “Investigating the Relationship between Social Crimes and Economic Variables in Iran”. Scientific Research Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 19(3): 69-91. DOR: 20.1001.1.22519092.1393.19.3.3.1 (In Persian)
- Adkins, L., Cooper, M. & Konings, M., (2021). “Class in the 21st century: Asset inflation and the new logic of inequality”. Economy and Space, 53(3): 548-572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19873673
- Afrasiabi, H. & Baharlui, M., (2019). “A qualitative study of the reflection of economic inflation in the daily lives of retirees”. Social Development Welfare Planning Quarterly, 10(14): 33-37. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2019.11186 (In Persian)
- Afrasiabi, H. & Baharlui, M., (2019). “Consequences of inflation in the daily lives of lower-class youth”. Journal of Applied Sociology, (4) 31: 23-44. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2020.118863.1771 (In Persian)
- Ahmadi Shadmehri, M., F., Osmani, Cheshmi, M., (2023). “Investigating the effect of economic complexity and political stability on inflation (Evidence from developing Asian countries)”. Quarterly Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 30(26): 115-134. https://doi.org/10.22059/jpq.2013.35656 (In Persian)
- Ahmadi, H. & Satari, S., (2013). “The Political Economy of Underdevelopment of Privatization in Iran: Existing Approaches, New Approaches”. Journal of Politics, 43(2): 49-68. https://doi.org/10.22067/mfe.2024.74070.1145 (In Persian)
- Alesina, A., Ozler, S., Roubini, N. & Swagel, Ph., (1996). “Political instability and economic growth”. Journal of economic growth, 1(2): 189-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138862
- Ariely, D., (2022). Our Everyday Irrationality, the Hidden Forces That Decide for Us. Translated by: Al-Naz A'lam, third edition, Tehran: Shabahang. (In Persian)
- Arifovica, J., Grohé, S. & Uribec, M., (2018). “Learning to live in a liquidity trap”. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 89(3): 120-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2018.01.005
- Authors' Collection (2018). Collection of Articles of the Second National Conference on Government Studies. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
- Babaei, F., (2001). Structural Adjustment, Poverty, and Social Inequalities. Tehran: Kavir.
- Babakhani, F. & Oazimi, R., (2019). “The Effect of Social Capital on Economic and Political Development”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 12(23): 9-28. https://doi.org/10.22084/csr.2023.24651.1990 (In Persian)
- Bakhshi Ani, R., Abbasi, M. & Rahiminejad, M. A., (2021). “Economic and Political Variables Governing Iran-China Strategic Relations”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of International Political Economy Studies, 4(2): 423-462. (In Persian)
- Batayneh, Kh., Alsalamat, W., Momani, M. & Mcmillan, D. Q. M., (2021). “The impact of inflation on the financial sector development: Empirical evidence from Jordan”. Cogent Economics & Finance journal, 9(1): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1970869
- Bayat, A., (2019). Street Politics, the Poor People's Movement in Iran. Translated by: Seyyed Asadollah Nabavi Chashmi, Tehran: Shiraz. (In Persian)
- Bayat, A., (2010). Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789053569115
- Beck, U., (2018). Danger Society: Towards a New Modernity. Translated by: Reza Fazel and Mehdi Farahmandnejad, Tehran: Third Edition. (In Persian)
- Berger, B., Berger, P. & Weckler, H., (2002). The Homeless Mind: Renovation and Awareness. Translated by: Mohammad Savji, Tehran: Nei. (In Persian)
- Browning, G. & Kilmister, A., (2019). Critical and Post-Critical Political Economy. Translated by: Mahmoud Abdollahzadeh, Tehran: Farhang Javid. (In Persian)
- Buxton, A. J. & Shepherd, D., (1980). “The control of inflation: A suggested policy”. European Economic Review,13(1): 129-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(80)90050-1
- Castells, M., (2019). Networks of Anger and Hope, Social Movements in the Internet Age. Translated by: Mojtaba Gholipour, Tehran: Nashrani. (In Persian)
- Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Annual Inflation Rate, https://www.cbi.ir/Inflation/Inflation_FA.aspx. (In Persian)
- Crowe, C., (2004). “Inflation, Inequality and Social Conflict, Money Macro and Finance (MMF)”.Research Group Conference, Money Macro and Finance Research Group.
- Daniel, W. W., (2017). “The social and psychological causes of inflation”. Long range planning, 10(3): 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(77)90085-1
- Dargahi, H. & Beiranvand, A., (2019). “Investigating the Relationship between Social Damages and Economic Growth in Iran with Emphasis on Human Capital in the Endogenous Growth Model”. Quarterly Scientific Research Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 23(3): 59-100. DOR: 20.1001.1.22519092.1397.23.3.5.1 (In Persian)
- Dembe, A. E. & Boden, L., (2000). “MORAL HAZARD:A QUESTION OF MORALITY?, NEW SOLUTIONS”. A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 10(3): 257-259. https://doi.org/10.2190/1GU8-EQN8-02J6-2RXK
- Din Mohammadi, M. & Narimani, M., (2015). “Ethical Consequences of Inflation”. International Conference on Management, Culture and Economic Development, Mashhad, https://civilica.com/doc/42756. (In Persian)
- Eagleton, T., (2019). Hope Without Optimism. Translated by: Moazzam Vatankhah and Masoud Shirbache, 2nd edition, Tehran: Gostareh Publishing House. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300220254
- Edvardz, S., (1994). “The political economy  of inflation and stabilization in developing countries”. Economic development and cultural change, 42(2): 235-266. https://doi.org/10.1086/452079
- Ehteshami, A., (2016). Political Economy, War, and Revolution: A Study of the Transformation of the Persian Gulf Region. Translated by: Ayoub Farkhondu and Mohammad Salami, Professor, Tehran: Dunyae Eqtesad. (In Persian)
- Elbahnasawy, N. & Ellis, M. A., (2022). “Inflation and the Structure of Economic and Political Systems”. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 60(1): 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1086/452079
- Elliott, J. E., (2007). “Institutionalism as an Approach to Political Economy”. Translated by: Arash Eslami, Ali Nasiri Aghdam, Journal of Political Economics, 2(5): 63-92. (In Persian)
- F. Mckee, A., (1981). “Inflation:the moral-behavioural aspect”. International journal of social economics, 8(4): 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb013888
- Farastkhah, M., (2016). We Iranians, Historical and Social Background of Iranian Cultures. Tehran: Nashrani. (In Persian)
- Farastkhah, M., (2017). Mind and Everything, Schemes for Living. Second Edition, Tehran: Kargoden Publishing. (In Persian)
- Farnaghi, E., Prior, U. & Tofighi, H., (2014). “Inflation, Inflation Uncertainty, and Production Growth in Iran”. Journal of Economics and Business, 5(7): 1-14. (In Persian)
- Furnham, A. & Boo, H., (2011). “A literature review of the anchoring effects”. The journal of socio-economics, 40(1): 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.10.008
- Ghadiri-Asl, B., (2000). “Economic and Social Effects of Inflation in Iran”. Journal of Social Security, 2(1): 88-98. (In Persian)
- Ghafarinejad, A. H. & Madah, M., (2011). “Assessment and Analysis of Comprehensive Indicators in Political Frameworks in Iranian Provinces (1999-2019)”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of International Political Economy Studies, 4(2): 625-659. https://doi.org/10.22126/ipes.2021.6611.1385 (In Persian)
- Gilbert, M., (1986). Inflation and social conflict: a sociology of economic life in advanced societies. Brighton, Wheatsheaf.
- Green, S. L., (1987). “Theories of inflation: A review essay”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 20(1): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(87)90064-X
- Grieve-Smith, J. & Michie, J., (e.d.)(1999). Global Instability, The Political Economy of World Economic Governance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203165447
- Haji Gholam, A., (2011). “Analysis of the Impact of Inflation on Social Issues Using the System Dynamics Approach”. First National Conference on Systemic Approach in Iran, Shiraz, https://civilica.com/doc/144077. (In Persian)
- Haniyeh, A., (2020). The Descent of the Uprising: Issues of Contemporary Capitalism in the Middle East. Translated by: Ladan Ahmadian Heravi, Tehran: Institute of Culture, Art and Communication. (In Persian)
- Hayek, F. V., (2020). The Path of Slavery. Translated by: Fereydoun Tafazzoli and Hamid Badash, Tehran: Contemporary Perspective. (In Persian)
- Hosseinzadeh, A. H., Mahmoudi, Z. & Mombini, I., (2013). “A Study of Some Factors Affecting Individualistic Actions”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 2(3): 37-52. https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_941.html (In Persian)
- Huntington, S., (2001). Political Organization in Societies Undergoing Transformation. Translated by: Mohsen Salasi, 3rd edition, Tehran: Scientific Publishing House. (In Persian)
- Iversen, T., (1999). “The political economy of inflation: Bargaining structure or central bank independence?”. Public choise, 99(3): 237-258. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018376420575
- Kaltenthaler, K. C. & Anderson, Ch., (2000). “The changing political economy of inflation”. Journal of Public Policy, 20(2): 109-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X00000787
- Kazemi, A., (2017). Persuasion and Iranian Everyday Life. Third Edition, Tehran: Farhang Javid Publications. (In Persian)
- Kazemipour, Abdol-M. & Gouderzi, M., (2021). What happened? The story of the decline of society in Iran. 4th edition, Tehran: Agar. (In Persian)
- Keynes, J. M., (2019). The economic consequences of the peace,with a new introduction by Michael cox. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04759-7
- Khanijoyabad, M., (2019). Political Economy and Foreign Policy, Comparative Study of the Impact of Political Economy on the Foreign Policy of Iran, China and India. Tehran: World of Economics. (In Persian)
- Khalil, Sh., (2018). The Rentier Mentality of the government destroys the Iraqi economy. Rawabet Center for Research and Strategic Studies.
- Makipour, Z. & Vrabani, A., (2013). “Investigating the economic causes of social harms with an emphasis on the relationship between inflation and crimes during the years 1370-1390”. Strategic Research on Security and Social Order, 2(2): 79-98.  https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17095.html (In Persian)
- Marzban, H. & Nejati, M., (2009). “Structural failure in the persistence of inflation and the Phillips curve in Iran”. Economic Modeling Quarterly, 3(2): 1-26. (In Persian)
- Mehrbani, V., (2010). “The Impact of Social Classes on Inflation in Iran”. Journal of Economic Research, 45(90): 207-227. DOR: 20.1001.1.00398969.1389.45.1.10.1 (In Persian)
- Mohammad Karimi, Y., Arabiyon, Abol-Gh. & Yazdanparast, M., (2021). “A study of the effects of unstable financial development policies and inflation rate uncertainty on the economic growth of agricultural businesses”. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 119(1): 71-97. https://doi.org/10.30490/aead.2023.352775.1287 (In Persian)
- Momeni, F., (2005). Economics and Crisis in the Iranian Economy. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University. (In Persian)
- Mullainiton, S. & Shafir, A., (2010). Poverty is a curse. Translated by: Seyyed Amir-Hossein Mirabutalebi, Tehran: Tarjuman Publications. (In Persian)
- Naqdi, Y., Kagzhiyan, S. & Efti, F., (2019). “Investigating and Predicting Inflation in the Iranian Economy Using Bayesian Averaging”. Journal of Economic Policy, 15(39): 307-333. https://doi.org/10.22034/epj.2024.20345.2456
- Naqdi, Y., Kagzhiyan, S. & Lashgarizadeh, M., (2019). “Comparing the Effects of Inflation and Unemployment on Social Security in Iran”. Journal of Law and Order Research, 13(3): 1-26. (In Persian)
- Naz, A., Chaudhry, H. urR., Hussain, M., Daraz, U., Khan, W., (2012). “Inflation: The Social Monster Socio-Economic and Psychological Impacts of Inflation and Price Hike on Poor Families of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan”. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(14): 285-296.
- Neeli, M. et al., (2015). Which Way Is Iran's Economy Going?. Tehran: World of Economics. (In Persian)
- North, D., Wallis, J. J. & Weingast, B., (2018). Violence in Social Systems: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Written Human History. Translated by: Behnam Zoghi Rudsari, Tehran: Shiraz Publishing. (In Persian)
- Paldam, M., (1994). “The political economy of stopping high inflation”. European journal of political economy, 10(2): 135-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0176-2680(94)90065-5
- Powell, B., (2020). Unemployment in the World Economy. Translated by: Ali Habibi, Tehran: Dunyae Eqtesad. (In Persian)
- Pressman, S., (2007). “The Decline of the Middle Class: An International Perspective”. Journal of Economic Issues, 41(2): 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2007.11507000
- Pritchett, L., Woolcock, M. & Andrews, M., (2020). Development as Empowerment of Government. Translated by: Jafar Khairkhahan and Masoud Dorudi, Tehran: Roozneh. (In Persian)
- Raees Jafari, R., (2019). Narrative of a Collapse, the Deadlock of the Monarchy from the Perspective of Its Agents”. Tehran: Institutionalist. (In Persian)
- Rahmani, T., Dreger, Ch. & Fallahi, S., (2013). “Inflation and Cost Push in Iran's Economy”. Iranian economic review, 17(3): 1-24.
- Rashidi, A. & Mousavi, S. S., (2019). “Oil Revenues and Their Conflicting Effects on Economic Growth and Development in Iran and Norway”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of International Political Economy Studies, 2(1): 153-184. https://doi.org/10.22126/ipes.2019.1209 (In Persian)
- Renani, M. & Movidfar, R., (2013). Cycles of Moral and Economic Decline. Social Capital and the Development of Iran. Tehran: Tarh-e-No. (In Persian)
- Rowell, D. & Connelly, L. B., (2012). “A history of the term”Moral Hazard”. The journal of risk and Insurance, 79(4): 1051-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2011.01448.x
- Rowthorn, R. E., (1977). “Conflict,inflation and money”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1(3): 215-239.
- Rudd, J. B., (2021). “Why Do We Think That Inflation Expectations Matter for Inflation? (And Should We?)”. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-062. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2021.062.
- Scheve, K., (2004). “Public Inflation Aversion and the Political Economy of Macroeconomic Policymaking”. International organization, 58(1): 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304581018
- Shakeri, A. & Bagherpour, E., (2014). “A Study of the Nature of Inflation in the Iranian Economy”. Journal of Iranian Economic Research, 28(94): 47-79. https://doi.org/10.22054/ijer.2022.63350.1036 (In Persian)
- Slater, D. & Tonkis, F., (2011). Market Society, Markets, and Modern Social Theory. Tehran: NI. (In Persian)
- Smith, A., (2018). The Wealth of Nations. Translated by: Cyrus Ebrahimzadeh, Tehran: Payam. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv19fvzzk.25 (In Persian) 
- Sombart, W., (2019). Luxury and Capitalism: A Cultural Narrative of the History of Capitalist Evolution. Translated by: Amir Hossein Mojtahidzadeh, Tehran: Dunyae Eqtesad. (In Persian)
- Ullahkhan, S. & Farrooq saqib, O., (2011). “Political instability and inflation in Pakistan”. Journal of Asian Economics, 22(6): 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2011.08.006
- Wallerstein, I., (2021). “Open the Social Sciences”, A report on the restructuring of social sciences, Translated by: Mehdi Moafi, Tehran: Pegah Rouzager No. (In Persian)
- Weber, M., (2011). Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by: Abdolkarim Rashidian and Parisa Manouchehri Kashani, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural. (In Persian)
- White, A. D., (2010). Inflation and Morality, a Book for Everyone about a Historical Experience. Translated by: Seyyed Hassan Dibaj, Tehran: World Economic Publishing House. (In Persian)
- Yahyawi Dizaj, J. et al., (2018). “The Relationship between Economic and Social Factors and Social Damages in Selected Countries: A Review of Generalized Moments”. Quarterly Journal of Welfare Research Social, 18(68): 167-199. https://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3182-fa.html (In Persian)
- Yolanda, Y., (2017). “Analysis of Factors Affecting Inflation and its Impact on Human Development Index and Poverty in Indonesia”. European Research Studies Journal, 20(4): 38-56. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/873
- Zobari, H. & Ebrahimi, S., (2014). “Inflation and Decline of Social Capital in Iran”. Scientific Research Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 19(4): 182-212. DOR: 20.1001.1.22519092.1393.19.4.4.4 (In Persian)
Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research
Volume 14, Issue 26
September 2025
Pages 123-152

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics