بررسی پدیدۀ تمارض اجتماعی و زمینه‌های شکل‌گیری آن از دیدگاه متخصصان علوم اجتماعی و عامۀ مردم

Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to compare the views of social scientists and experts, and the public views on the phenomenon of social malingering and its contexts of formation in social interactions and everyday life. From the point of view of experts, social malingering includes specific actions and interactions that are associated with irresponsibility, rationalization, pretension. this social action manifests itself in various ways in everyday interactions and should not be simplified to just one aspect of it. in addition, social malingering is understandable in the plotting of its causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediator conditions, and in the network among those conditions and social malingering as a strategy for dealing with them and their consequences. from a public point of view, social malingering in the oscillation among disintegration and social dependency is also a strategy for survival in conditions of social anomy. circumstances in which the decline in social capital, on the one hand, and the existence of many motives for revenge of the community, on the other, lead individuals to avoid responsibility and shirk their legal and moral duties. This qualitative research shows that public views support the Perspective of experts; the difference is that, in the specialized perspectives among social scientists, the emphasis is on the central phenomenon of protest against cultural and social conditions, but in the public views among common people, the emphasis is on survival strategies that lead to both the survival of individuals and the survival of society. 
Keywords: Social Malingering, Protest, Revenge, Lack of Ontological Security, Individuality Cult, Survival Strategies.]
 
1. Introduction
In social interactions and daily life, malingering can be seen in various ways to escape from responsibility. malingering is a significant research in medicine, especially in prisons, barracks, and some public and private offices and organizations; but it is not only related to health and social ethics. in addition, the evidence shows that we like to find reasons and factors other than our own performance or inaction for things and place the responsibility of incidents on others. the main purpose of this study is to compare the views of social scientists and experts, and the public views on the phenomenon of social malingering and its contexts of formation in social interactions and everyday life. We want to understand why and how does the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties with reference to external and unjustified factors appear in social interactions and daily life? And at the same time, what is the difference between the views of experts and the general public regarding this phenomenon?
According to experts, malingering is not an individual problem; rather, it stems from a major cultural and psychological problem in society; however most psychiatric and psychological research on malingering seeks to diagnose it and sometimes seeks to treat it from a psychological point of view. using the concept of social malingering in the sociological context, this study seeks to analyze the contexts of formation and emergence of the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties with reference to external and unjustified factors in social interactions and daily life.
This question is raised, what are the requirements and commitments for checking the meaning and concept of this social phenomenon?, what do sociologists understand about social malingering and how do they define its conceptual space?, in particular, by comparing the public views and the views of social science experts in this research, we seek to find out under what causal conditions social malingering in social interactions and daily life emerges. what are the Contextual Conditions in the occurrence of social malingering?, what are the intervening factors in the occurrence of social malingering?, what strategies do people use for social malingering and what are the strategies for dealing with them in social interactions and daily life usually?, what are the views of people who do social malingering about their performance? and comparing the opinions of social science experts and the general public in this regard, what are the similarities and differences?
 
2. Materials and Methods
This research is a qualitative study in which the opinions of social science experts and public views about the phenomenon of social malingering and the contexts of its formation in everyday life are examined. for this purpose, the views of experts on social malingering in the research of Isamaleki et al. (1399) and general views in this regard in the research of Isamaleki et al. (1400) as available samples and cases for study to achieve a more accurate and deeper understanding of the phenomenon of Social malingering have been compared. therefore, this research can be seen as a kind of comparative sociology, which, following Durkheim (1938: 139), is not a specific field, but sociology itself. and he tries not to be satisfied with just his description and to explain the will of the events. the point of departure for this kind of research is to accept and emphasize that thinking without comparison is not possible; and in the absence of comparison, scientific research does not take place.
According to the aforementioned explanations, this research can also be considered as a kind of qualitative meta - analysis. by explaining that, qualitative research describes independent perspectives of a phenomenon that is the specific experience of a particular group; and the combination of these studies in a qualitative meta-synthesis shows the common experiences of the said phenomenon and its different aspects (Aguirre and Bolton, 2014: 283). in order to describe and explain the formation of the phenomenon of social malingering, this research looks at the similarities and differences of the views of experts and the general public regarding causal conditions, Contextual Conditions, intervening conditions and its consequences. also, in order to achieve scientific accuracy and validation of the research, in addition to specifying the comparative cases by mentioning the name, using the peer debriefing, the rick and thick description, and the verification techniques, we tried to make conceptual eqivalence and measurement equivalence in such a way that the conceptual ground used among social scientists and the general public is appropriate for comparison. 
 
3. Data
From the point of view of experts, social malingering includes specific actions and interactions that are associated with irresponsibility, justification, and pretension. this social action manifests itself in various ways in everyday interactions and should not be simplified to just one aspect of it. in addition, social malingering is understandable in the plotting of its causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediator conditions, and in the network among those conditions and social malingering as a strategy for dealing with them and their consequences. according to social science experts, in a society where there is a lack of ontological security, bad governance, ideological morality, individuality cult, weakening of social morality, and anomaly of individuals and reference groups, members of society are protesting and they do social malingering; The result of such life-world is a decline in social capital and the unpredictability of social behavior. from a public point of view, social malingering in the oscillation among disintegration and social dependency is also a strategy for survival in conditions of social anomy. circumstances in which the decline in social capital, on the one hand, and the existence of many motives for revenge of the community, on the other, lead individuals to avoid responsibility and shirk their legal and moral duties.
 
4. Discussion
The phenomenon of social malingering emerges in the dialectic of its causal, contextual and intervening factors and in the mutual relationship with them leads to the production and reproduction of itself and them, and according to the fluidity of social phenomena, the most important way to prevent and reduce the phenomenon of social malingering is to constantly monitor it in social actions and interactions; understanding how this social action in social interactions and daily life both creates the social world and is its product; in this way, correct confrontation with this social phenomenon can help to prevent and reduce it.
 
5. Conclusion
This qualitative research shows that public views support the Perspective of experts; the difference is that, in the specialized perspectives among social scientists, the emphasis is on the central phenomenon of protest against cultural and social conditions, but in the public views among common people, the emphasis is on survival strategies that lead to both the survival of individuals and the survival of society; thus, social malingering in the oscillation among disintegration and social dependency is a strategy for survival in conditions of social anomy. this study shows that the practice of social malingering and the theorems and the resources that affect it, are constantly and actively engaged in building and rebuilding each other; this is why social malingering and its functional disorders in political, social, economic and cultural institutions appear and manifest in various ways in social interactions and everyday life.