Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Weak Cultural Governance, A Missing Link in the Political Development of Tabriz; A Qualitative Research Weak Cultural Governance, A Missing Link in the Political Development of Tabriz; A Qualitative Research 9 47 5827 10.22084/csr.2024.23990.1954 FA Atefe Mohammady PhD in Economic Sociology and Development, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0002-8443-5268 Mohammad Abbaszadeh Professor, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0003-4837-0329 Mohammad Bagher Alizadeh Aghdam Professor, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0003-4810-5680 Fatemeh Gholabi Professor, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0003-2885-8458 Journal Article 2022 04 14 Abstract Achieving development has been one of the main goals of countries for decades. Development has many political, social, economic, cultural, human and ... dimensions. Political development in the city of Tabriz is of special importance due to special cultural, linguistic and ethnic conditions, especially since the available information shows weakness in this area. The main purpose of this study is to identify cultural concepts affecting the political development of Tabriz. To identify the effective concepts of political development in Tabriz, a qualitative method was selected and data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The research sample includes 45 development specialists and city officials with executive positions. The sampling method was purposeful based on the method used and the purpose of the research. For analysis, 3-step coding was used, which are; open coding; Axial coding and selective coding. The research data showed that experts believe that the city of Tabriz has not achieved politically acceptable development. Interviewees consider 5 concepts involved in the development of Tabriz. The 5 concepts are “mass media inefficiency”, “cultural capital”, “discrimination between center and periphery”, “ethnic discrimination” and “gender discrimination”. The main theme of this research is “Weakness of cultural governance (dysfunction of the cultural sub-system)”. The interviewees’ answers showed that the main weakness and disorder in the cultural subsystem has caused problems in the political subsystem. The research findings are also consistent with the theories of Lipst, Hall, Wallerstein, Wiener and social identity theory. Keywords: Political Development, Cultural Capital, Ethnicity, Center-Periphery, Qualitative Method. 1. Introduction Development is a multi-dimensional concept that can be attributed to many political, social, economic, cultural, environmental, human, gender, etc. dimensions. Cities as complex and multi-layered systems must achieve development in each dimension (Sofska, 2016: 140). What is considered in this research is the political dimension of the concept of development. According to thinkers, people’s participation and companionship is an integral part of political development, and the result of political development will be nothing but the improvement of people’s living conditions (Khoshfar et al., 2018: 53). According to the evidence, the political development in Iran after the Islamic Revolution has had a fluctuating trend and is far from reaching the desired point (Akhwan Kazemi and Nikonhad, 2018: 589). According to international statistics in 2021, Iran’s rank in access to justice is 115; freedom of speech, 139; freedom of religion, 160; political rights, 132; freedom and personal choice, 128; Equality of political power based on gender, 144; Equality of political power based on social group, 133; Equality of political power based on socio-economic status, 117; The index of discrimination against minorities is 136, which has not obtained acceptable ranks compared to other countries, and in most of the indices, it has been ranked at the bottom among 175 countries. Also among Asian countries, Iran has a score of 33 in the field of political development, while South Korea has the highest score with a score of 109. Countries can achieve development by increasing the stability, participation and accountability of their political system and building an efficient, authoritative and legitimate political-administrative system (Khalfazadeh Estmal et al.; 123: 1400). The main purpose of this research is to identify the cultural elements involved in the political development of the city of Tabriz. 2. Materials In the following, an attempt has been made to review important theories related to political development. According to Almond and Verba, political culture is rooted in people’s feelings, beliefs and attitudes, it is formed through socialization. They believe that political culture is acquired in childhood through socialization institutions, while maintaining it in adulthood, he can modify it and find new attitudes towards his political system and take political action. They consider political culture to include cognitive, emotional and value attitudes towards the political system. Lipset believes that education has a significant correlation with participation and believes that there is a strong correlation between political participation and social and economic factors (Mohsani Tabrizi, 1375: 89). McClerking and McDaniel believes that if the religious beliefs attributed to it emphasize participation in political affairs, or consider participation in political affairs as part of religious rules and orders; Of course, the participation of their followers in political affairs will increase. Also, Wendell Broadwell, as one of the thinkers of political development, believed that gender, residential area, age, education, income, race, ethnicity, and religion are effective on the level of participation (Parchemi, 2016: 41). 3. Discussion Experts were asked whether the city of Tabriz is politically developed or not? In response to this questio 60% of the interviewees believed that the city of Tabriz achieved political development in some dimensions, but it cannot be considered developed in general. 30% said that it has a long way to reach development and 10 percent considered the political development of Tabriz acceptable. Next, experts were asked what cultural concepts they consider to be influential on the political development of Tabriz city (based on characteristics, historical experiences, ethnic culture, language, etc.). In response to this question, experts pointed to several concepts. According to them, cultural conditions affecting the development of Tabriz city include “Weakness of mass media”, “Cultural capital”, “Discrimination between center and periphery”, “Feeling of ethnic discrimination” and “Gender discrimination”. In the current research, the main theme that was obtained is “the weakness of cultural governance (disruption in the functioning of the cultural sub-system)”. This concept included the 5 main concepts considered by the respondents and is derived from them. The mentioned concept means the weakness of related cultural institutions in the society. Parsons considers culture to be the main force connecting various elements of the social world. Culture is a patterned and regular system of symbols directed at actors and the internalized dimensions of the personality system and institutionalized patterns in the social system, and because it is mainly symbolic and subjective, it is easily transferred from one system to another. Culture is transferred from one social system to another through diffusion. While the cultural system is considered a part of other systems, it also has an independent existence in the form of a treasure of knowledge, symbols and thoughts (Ritzer, 2018: 335-336). Experts believe that cultural factors have a significant impact on the process of achieving political development, and disruption and weakness in the cultural sub-system cause disruption and slowness in achieving political development. Finally, based on the conducted interviews and extracted concepts, the following paradigm model was obtained. 4. Conclusion The findings of the research indicated “the weakness of cultural governance (disruption in the functioning of the cultural sub-system)” as the main theme that has caused problems in other sub-systems and one of these sub-systems is It is a political system. The most relevant theory that can be used to explain these relationships is Parsons’ AGIL theory. According to Parsons’ theory, society as a system consists of elements that interact with each other (Goldner, 1383: 162); (Hamilton, 1379: 114). Parsons recognizes four structures in society. According to Parsons theory, the parts of the system are connected to each other, naturally, any change that occurs in a part of the social system causes changes in other parts, because the most general and basic characteristic of a system is the continuous relationship of parts and variables (Goldner, 2013: 236). The cultural sub-system provides normative values and systems that are suitable for socialization (Bert, 1389: 105). According to the opinions of experts, the disruption in the functioning of the cultural sub-system, or in other words, the weakness of the cultural governance of the society, has weakened the political development in Tabriz. In explaining the cultural concepts affecting political development, the interviewees mentioned 5 concepts which are: “weakness of mass media”, “cultural capital”, “discrimination between center and periphery”, “ethnic discrimination” and “gender discrimination”. From the point of view of mass media experts, it is considered one of the most influential tools of the modern world and can have deep effects in different dimensions of society. The interviewees stated that the cultural capital of activists will have a significant impact on political development. In fact, as the level of knowledge and awareness of the actor increases, the choice and action of the actor will decrease in a quantitative sense, but it will improve in a qualitative sense. Also, the experts believed that Tabriz, as one of the important metropolises of Iran, which plays an important role in all aspects of this country, is considered as an unimportant city from the center and has been marginalized. This is the reason for the isolation of Tabriz city. “Ethnic discrimination” is another concept mentioned by the interviewees. Due to having a different language and strong ethnic feelings, Tabriz is mostly ignored by the center. The last concept is called “gender discrimination”. Experts said that the existence of discrimination in various fields will have an adverse effect on women’s political participation and will prevent them from attending and participating in political parties. Abstract Achieving development has been one of the main goals of countries for decades. Development has many political, social, economic, cultural, human and ... dimensions. Political development in the city of Tabriz is of special importance due to special cultural, linguistic and ethnic conditions, especially since the available information shows weakness in this area. The main purpose of this study is to identify cultural concepts affecting the political development of Tabriz. To identify the effective concepts of political development in Tabriz, a qualitative method was selected and data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The research sample includes 45 development specialists and city officials with executive positions. The sampling method was purposeful based on the method used and the purpose of the research. For analysis, 3-step coding was used, which are; open coding; Axial coding and selective coding. The research data showed that experts believe that the city of Tabriz has not achieved politically acceptable development. Interviewees consider 5 concepts involved in the development of Tabriz. The 5 concepts are “mass media inefficiency”, “cultural capital”, “discrimination between center and periphery”, “ethnic discrimination” and “gender discrimination”. The main theme of this research is “Weakness of cultural governance (dysfunction of the cultural sub-system)”. The interviewees’ answers showed that the main weakness and disorder in the cultural subsystem has caused problems in the political subsystem. The research findings are also consistent with the theories of Lipst, Hall, Wallerstein, Wiener and social identity theory. Keywords: Political Development, Cultural Capital, Ethnicity, Center-Periphery, Qualitative Method. 1. Introduction Development is a multi-dimensional concept that can be attributed to many political, social, economic, cultural, environmental, human, gender, etc. dimensions. Cities as complex and multi-layered systems must achieve development in each dimension (Sofska, 2016: 140). What is considered in this research is the political dimension of the concept of development. According to thinkers, people’s participation and companionship is an integral part of political development, and the result of political development will be nothing but the improvement of people’s living conditions (Khoshfar et al., 2018: 53). According to the evidence, the political development in Iran after the Islamic Revolution has had a fluctuating trend and is far from reaching the desired point (Akhwan Kazemi and Nikonhad, 2018: 589). According to international statistics in 2021, Iran’s rank in access to justice is 115; freedom of speech, 139; freedom of religion, 160; political rights, 132; freedom and personal choice, 128; Equality of political power based on gender, 144; Equality of political power based on social group, 133; Equality of political power based on socio-economic status, 117; The index of discrimination against minorities is 136, which has not obtained acceptable ranks compared to other countries, and in most of the indices, it has been ranked at the bottom among 175 countries. Also among Asian countries, Iran has a score of 33 in the field of political development, while South Korea has the highest score with a score of 109. Countries can achieve development by increasing the stability, participation and accountability of their political system and building an efficient, authoritative and legitimate political-administrative system (Khalfazadeh Estmal et al.; 123: 1400). The main purpose of this research is to identify the cultural elements involved in the political development of the city of Tabriz. 2. Materials In the following, an attempt has been made to review important theories related to political development. According to Almond and Verba, political culture is rooted in people’s feelings, beliefs and attitudes, it is formed through socialization. They believe that political culture is acquired in childhood through socialization institutions, while maintaining it in adulthood, he can modify it and find new attitudes towards his political system and take political action. They consider political culture to include cognitive, emotional and value attitudes towards the political system. Lipset believes that education has a significant correlation with participation and believes that there is a strong correlation between political participation and social and economic factors (Mohsani Tabrizi, 1375: 89). McClerking and McDaniel believes that if the religious beliefs attributed to it emphasize participation in political affairs, or consider participation in political affairs as part of religious rules and orders; Of course, the participation of their followers in political affairs will increase. Also, Wendell Broadwell, as one of the thinkers of political development, believed that gender, residential area, age, education, income, race, ethnicity, and religion are effective on the level of participation (Parchemi, 2016: 41). 3. Discussion Experts were asked whether the city of Tabriz is politically developed or not? In response to this questio 60% of the interviewees believed that the city of Tabriz achieved political development in some dimensions, but it cannot be considered developed in general. 30% said that it has a long way to reach development and 10 percent considered the political development of Tabriz acceptable. Next, experts were asked what cultural concepts they consider to be influential on the political development of Tabriz city (based on characteristics, historical experiences, ethnic culture, language, etc.). In response to this question, experts pointed to several concepts. According to them, cultural conditions affecting the development of Tabriz city include “Weakness of mass media”, “Cultural capital”, “Discrimination between center and periphery”, “Feeling of ethnic discrimination” and “Gender discrimination”. In the current research, the main theme that was obtained is “the weakness of cultural governance (disruption in the functioning of the cultural sub-system)”. This concept included the 5 main concepts considered by the respondents and is derived from them. The mentioned concept means the weakness of related cultural institutions in the society. Parsons considers culture to be the main force connecting various elements of the social world. Culture is a patterned and regular system of symbols directed at actors and the internalized dimensions of the personality system and institutionalized patterns in the social system, and because it is mainly symbolic and subjective, it is easily transferred from one system to another. Culture is transferred from one social system to another through diffusion. While the cultural system is considered a part of other systems, it also has an independent existence in the form of a treasure of knowledge, symbols and thoughts (Ritzer, 2018: 335-336). Experts believe that cultural factors have a significant impact on the process of achieving political development, and disruption and weakness in the cultural sub-system cause disruption and slowness in achieving political development. Finally, based on the conducted interviews and extracted concepts, the following paradigm model was obtained. 4. Conclusion The findings of the research indicated “the weakness of cultural governance (disruption in the functioning of the cultural sub-system)” as the main theme that has caused problems in other sub-systems and one of these sub-systems is It is a political system. The most relevant theory that can be used to explain these relationships is Parsons’ AGIL theory. According to Parsons’ theory, society as a system consists of elements that interact with each other (Goldner, 1383: 162); (Hamilton, 1379: 114). Parsons recognizes four structures in society. According to Parsons theory, the parts of the system are connected to each other, naturally, any change that occurs in a part of the social system causes changes in other parts, because the most general and basic characteristic of a system is the continuous relationship of parts and variables (Goldner, 2013: 236). The cultural sub-system provides normative values and systems that are suitable for socialization (Bert, 1389: 105). According to the opinions of experts, the disruption in the functioning of the cultural sub-system, or in other words, the weakness of the cultural governance of the society, has weakened the political development in Tabriz. In explaining the cultural concepts affecting political development, the interviewees mentioned 5 concepts which are: “weakness of mass media”, “cultural capital”, “discrimination between center and periphery”, “ethnic discrimination” and “gender discrimination”. From the point of view of mass media experts, it is considered one of the most influential tools of the modern world and can have deep effects in different dimensions of society. The interviewees stated that the cultural capital of activists will have a significant impact on political development. In fact, as the level of knowledge and awareness of the actor increases, the choice and action of the actor will decrease in a quantitative sense, but it will improve in a qualitative sense. Also, the experts believed that Tabriz, as one of the important metropolises of Iran, which plays an important role in all aspects of this country, is considered as an unimportant city from the center and has been marginalized. This is the reason for the isolation of Tabriz city. “Ethnic discrimination” is another concept mentioned by the interviewees. Due to having a different language and strong ethnic feelings, Tabriz is mostly ignored by the center. The last concept is called “gender discrimination”. Experts said that the existence of discrimination in various fields will have an adverse effect on women’s political participation and will prevent them from attending and participating in political parties.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5827_1c208ee88299e7d6d6eff86e6879384e.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Generational Change in the Academic Life of Iran (Case Study: University of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Shahid Beheshti) Generational Change in the Academic Life of Iran (Case Study: University of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Shahid Beheshti) 49 77 5689 10.22084/csr.2024.26917.2156 FA Zahra Mohammadi Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5832-4460 Journal Article 2022 10 10 Abstract In recent decades, there have been changes in the University of Iran that are worth considering. The purpose of this study is a qualitative study of the generational changes of academics and its causes and consequences in the last half century. The research method is qualitative and the underlying theory is used. Samples were purposefully selected from among the professors of all three universities of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Shahid Beheshti. Data were saturated with 52 exploratory interviews and analyzed with Atlas IT software. The findings showed that ethics and adherence to academic norms are moving towards union affairs and promotion. Money and profit have gone beyond science. The method of socialization has been reduced from teacher-student to student-centered. Face-to-face emotional communication has become a face-to-face scientific interaction. The tradition of staying on campus has changed to off-campus activities. The result is that despite the similarities between the three generations, there has been a change in the academic lifestyle of academics, and the elite educational university is moving towards a mass university and a research entrepreneur. Monetization of science has affected its intrinsic values and quantity has overcome quality. Keywords: Generational Transformation, Scientific Life, University Professors, Scientific Norms, Contextual Theory. 1. Introduction For a long time, there have been changes in academic life and academic work in Iran, and the educational and research performance of academics and their relationship with the society have become controversial. Some evidence suggests a change in academic values, academic norms or academic responsibilities. The topics developed in higher education cover a wide range of quantitative and scientific qualities, cultural responsibilities and social capital. For Iranian society, these issues are vital in a world where life has become smarter day by day. Therefore, it is necessary to study culture in the university environment. The main Purpose of the current study is the changes created in the academic life of academics, which are studied from the perspective of university professors to answer the following questions: 1. What is the most important transformation of the generation of academicians in the last half century? 2. What are the factors and contexts that have been affected by the generations of academics affected? 3. What have been the main generations of academic generations in the midst of these developments? 4. What are the effects and consequences of these developments and strategies for the academic community? 2. Materials and Methods The method of this research is qualitative and grounded theory was used to analyze the data. The studied population were professors of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Shahid Beheshti universities, who were divided into three generations based on age, academic membership history, and social orientation. To collect the data, the purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. Research data were collected through interviews with 52 professors; 19 people were selected from Tehran University, 21 people from Tarbiat Modares University and 12 people from Shahid Beheshti University. Atlas TI software was used for data classification, coding, combination and reduction of codes and theoretical model. In order to better compare the generations, the interviews of each generation were entered into a separate software environment and finally their output was compared and the final model was drawn and analyzed. 3. Data Profiles of professors by gender, place of obtaining degree and field of study and scientific and research works of the interviewees (Table 1) were obtained according to the initial knowledge through the website of the universities under study and were completed during the interview and arranged by generation. The findings and main concepts of the research, i.e. the common university culture in three generations, were extracted and categorized (Table 2). The obtained categories represent the conditions, causes and attitudes and behaviors of the studied faculty members, which are described by generation and at the end of each generation, its theoretical model is drawn. 4. Discussion The findings of the research were extracted, coded and categorized based on the main concepts, i.e. common academic culture in the academic and academic life of the studied professors in three generations. In total, 16 common core categories were extracted from three generations and categorized in terms of causal, environmental, contextual, strategies and consequences. All three generations agreed on the importance and impact of economic and financial issues as causal conditions in the scientific profession. The environmental conditions in the uncontrolled expansion of universities and the diversity of fields and the bureaucratization of the university have been the government’s policy. In the context, there were more male professors than female professors, and books, articles, and projects were very important to them. The first-generation professors were actively present in the university with a scientific lifestyle and tried to socialize students with ethical behavior and focus on education. The first-generation preferred science over wealth and were more focused on writing books and complained about the indiscriminate publication of articles, but later generations have worked more in the field of publishing articles and research projects. The professors of the second generation have become specialized and their presence in the university has gradually decreased and they have limited themselves to mandatory attendance. They paid attention to the material benefits of science and sought professional affairs and promotion. The third-generation professors, who were employed during the electronic revolution, did not pay attention to the socialization of students, and their academic interactions were mostly non-face-to-face. They mostly engaged in activities outside the university and sought to get research projects outside the university and establish a company. 5. Conclusion Changes have happened in the university and academics in the past three generations. The university is moving from government to privatization. The lack of professors and staff in universities is leading to a surplus of staff. The educational elitist university is moving towards a mass university and a research entrepreneur. Face-to-face interactions have become virtual. The increasing importance of research and generating income from science has affected its intrinsic value and quantity has overcome quality. Academic norms have faded and scientific and ethical standards have declined. Discipleship in the first generation has become student-centered in the third generation. Score orientation has overcome evidence orientation. Formal and friendly interactions have turned into informal and competitive interactions. Belief in generating wealth from science and knowledge and turning it into business to promote and manage life. The result is that the developments created depict “generational change” in scientific life. Abstract In recent decades, there have been changes in the University of Iran that are worth considering. The purpose of this study is a qualitative study of the generational changes of academics and its causes and consequences in the last half century. The research method is qualitative and the underlying theory is used. Samples were purposefully selected from among the professors of all three universities of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Shahid Beheshti. Data were saturated with 52 exploratory interviews and analyzed with Atlas IT software. The findings showed that ethics and adherence to academic norms are moving towards union affairs and promotion. Money and profit have gone beyond science. The method of socialization has been reduced from teacher-student to student-centered. Face-to-face emotional communication has become a face-to-face scientific interaction. The tradition of staying on campus has changed to off-campus activities. The result is that despite the similarities between the three generations, there has been a change in the academic lifestyle of academics, and the elite educational university is moving towards a mass university and a research entrepreneur. Monetization of science has affected its intrinsic values and quantity has overcome quality. Keywords: Generational Transformation, Scientific Life, University Professors, Scientific Norms, Contextual Theory. 1. Introduction For a long time, there have been changes in academic life and academic work in Iran, and the educational and research performance of academics and their relationship with the society have become controversial. Some evidence suggests a change in academic values, academic norms or academic responsibilities. The topics developed in higher education cover a wide range of quantitative and scientific qualities, cultural responsibilities and social capital. For Iranian society, these issues are vital in a world where life has become smarter day by day. Therefore, it is necessary to study culture in the university environment. The main Purpose of the current study is the changes created in the academic life of academics, which are studied from the perspective of university professors to answer the following questions: 1. What is the most important transformation of the generation of academicians in the last half century? 2. What are the factors and contexts that have been affected by the generations of academics affected? 3. What have been the main generations of academic generations in the midst of these developments? 4. What are the effects and consequences of these developments and strategies for the academic community? 2. Materials and Methods The method of this research is qualitative and grounded theory was used to analyze the data. The studied population were professors of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares and Shahid Beheshti universities, who were divided into three generations based on age, academic membership history, and social orientation. To collect the data, the purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. Research data were collected through interviews with 52 professors; 19 people were selected from Tehran University, 21 people from Tarbiat Modares University and 12 people from Shahid Beheshti University. Atlas TI software was used for data classification, coding, combination and reduction of codes and theoretical model. In order to better compare the generations, the interviews of each generation were entered into a separate software environment and finally their output was compared and the final model was drawn and analyzed. 3. Data Profiles of professors by gender, place of obtaining degree and field of study and scientific and research works of the interviewees (Table 1) were obtained according to the initial knowledge through the website of the universities under study and were completed during the interview and arranged by generation. The findings and main concepts of the research, i.e. the common university culture in three generations, were extracted and categorized (Table 2). The obtained categories represent the conditions, causes and attitudes and behaviors of the studied faculty members, which are described by generation and at the end of each generation, its theoretical model is drawn. 4. Discussion The findings of the research were extracted, coded and categorized based on the main concepts, i.e. common academic culture in the academic and academic life of the studied professors in three generations. In total, 16 common core categories were extracted from three generations and categorized in terms of causal, environmental, contextual, strategies and consequences. All three generations agreed on the importance and impact of economic and financial issues as causal conditions in the scientific profession. The environmental conditions in the uncontrolled expansion of universities and the diversity of fields and the bureaucratization of the university have been the government’s policy. In the context, there were more male professors than female professors, and books, articles, and projects were very important to them. The first-generation professors were actively present in the university with a scientific lifestyle and tried to socialize students with ethical behavior and focus on education. The first-generation preferred science over wealth and were more focused on writing books and complained about the indiscriminate publication of articles, but later generations have worked more in the field of publishing articles and research projects. The professors of the second generation have become specialized and their presence in the university has gradually decreased and they have limited themselves to mandatory attendance. They paid attention to the material benefits of science and sought professional affairs and promotion. The third-generation professors, who were employed during the electronic revolution, did not pay attention to the socialization of students, and their academic interactions were mostly non-face-to-face. They mostly engaged in activities outside the university and sought to get research projects outside the university and establish a company. 5. Conclusion Changes have happened in the university and academics in the past three generations. The university is moving from government to privatization. The lack of professors and staff in universities is leading to a surplus of staff. The educational elitist university is moving towards a mass university and a research entrepreneur. Face-to-face interactions have become virtual. The increasing importance of research and generating income from science has affected its intrinsic value and quantity has overcome quality. Academic norms have faded and scientific and ethical standards have declined. Discipleship in the first generation has become student-centered in the third generation. Score orientation has overcome evidence orientation. Formal and friendly interactions have turned into informal and competitive interactions. Belief in generating wealth from science and knowledge and turning it into business to promote and manage life. The result is that the developments created depict “generational change” in scientific life.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5689_8ba6c657b03fc7c8dd4dff8e45defcd2.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Sociological Determinants Affecting Social Identity (Study Sample of Female Students in Shiraz) Sociological Determinants Affecting Social Identity (Study Sample of Female Students in Shiraz) 79 116 5166 10.22084/csr.2023.27321.2184 FA Nouredin Alahdadi Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Payam Noor University, PO Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0003-2514-3334 Ebrahim Mirzaei Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Payam Noor University, PO Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 04 Abstract On the one hand, identity is the source of meaning and construction, and on the other hand, it is constructed under the influence of social, cultural, political, economic, environmental, and other factors. In fact, the relationship between identity and other social and cultural structures is two-way and is constantly subject to reconstruction, construction and reconstruction as a process. The purpose of this research is to investigate the sociological determinants affecting the formation of social identity of female students in the city of Shiraz, and by relying on a comparative strategy, quantitative research methods, survey techniques and questionnaire tools were used to collect data. It has been the statistical population is female school students of the city of Shiraz, and 375 people were selected as a statistical sample. The method of random sampling is of multi-stage cluster type and data analysis was done using SPSS software and statistical tests of Pearson’s correlation coefficient, multivariate analysis (multiple regression) and path analysis. . The research results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the independent variables (self-satisfaction level, internalization of values, harmony with group values and approval of others) with the dependent variable of social identity and its three dimensions (national, religious, family); But there is no significant relationship between the socio-economic base variable and social identity. Also, the results of multivariable regression show that the coefficient of determination (2R) of four variables in the equation, i.e. coordination of group values, being approved by others, internalization of values and individual self-satisfaction, is 0.36 of the variance of the variable. They explain or predict dependent social identity. Keywords: Social Identity, Religious Identity, Family Identity, National Identity. 1. Introduction One of today’s global mysteries that has occupied the minds and thoughts of experts in the fields of social psychology, sociology, and cultural studies is the issue of human identity, and since identity is an important part of every human being. and his personal and social life is influenced by his identity, the investigation of human identity is very interesting. This concept has been transformed in the context of social and cultural history and political and economic relations of today’s societies, so that today we talk about traditional identity, modern identity and postmodern identity. Men and women are a social characteristic apart from their biological characteristics, so that they should behave within a certain framework of culture accepted by the society and internalize gender norms and behaviors in their minds, which in case of violation will also face the reactions of the community. The traditional patriarchal family structure, which was mainly based on gender differences and characterized by the institutionalized authority of men in the family unit, has become questionable in recent decades due to the employment, education and awareness of women. The changes that have occurred in the family structure and the roles of women have provided the basis for the transformation of the personality and social identity of girls and women (Refatjah, 1381: 71). The importance of issues such as the crisis of social and gender identity, especially in the field of women and girls, has occupied experts in the fields of psychology, sociology and cultural studies for at least the past few decades. Developments in recent decades in cultural fields and structural fields have led to the multiplicity and diversity and even conflict of identity-building sources, and the spread of modernization and modernization in the global arena has led to an identity crisis among many sections of society, especially young women. (Saroukhani, 1383: 80). Therefore, it is necessary to address the issue of social identity of female students and its constituent elements and factors affecting it in this research. Also, about the social identification status of the statistical population of the research, which are high school female students of Shiraz city; Few researches have been done and therefore the current research is important and necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological determinants affecting the formation of social identity of female high school students in Shiraz and seeks to answer the basic question of what sociological determinants affect the formation of social identity. Is it effective for high school female students in Shiraz? 2. Method This research was done in terms of comparative strategy and with quantitative method and survey technique and questionnaire tool; Also, in terms of purpose, it is practical and in terms of time, it is among cross-sectional researches. The statistical population of this research is 5160 thousand people, including all female students of the second secondary school who are studying in Shiraz city in the academic year of 1401-1400, and 375 of them were selected as a statistical sample. The sampling method in this research is random sampling of multi-stage clustering type. So that the schools of Shiraz city were divided into five parts (each cluster) North, South, East, West and Center and then a school was randomly selected from that region and a questionnaire was distributed to each of the selected schools. 3. Discussion As you can see. The total effect of independent variables on religious identity is 73%, of which 64% is a direct effect and 9% is an indirect effect. This means that the independent variables used in this research had more effects on the dependent variable without mediation. The direct causal effect of variables of coordination of group values was 33%, internalization of values was 14%, and approval by others was 17%. The value of 2R shows that in the whole research model, it was able to explain 23% of the variance of social identity. The amount of error of the model (0.88) indicates the value of the variance of the variable that is not explained by the previous variables of the model. With the square of the error quantity (E), the unexplained variance is obtained, which is 0.77 in this model, in other words, 77% of the social identity variance is not explained by the model. 4. Conclusion Dealing with the social identity of girls in society shows us a general view of identity to some extent, because this dimension of identity includes the most basic elements of the identity of people in any society. Social and cultural changes occur gradually, and girls who are looking for what and who they are, or their social identity, are faced with new forms of identity-making patterns, and at the same time, traditional culture and manifestations of modern culture come upon them. see In such a situation, girls learn that they can cope with the roles and identities that are caused by cultural and social patterns and by relying on multiple sources of identity formation, with agency and rethinking to new personal and social patterns. Get an identity. In fact, girls are constantly rethinking their traditions, modern values and daily activities and try to build a meaningful identity for their representation. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the sociological determinants affecting the formation of the social identity of secondary school girls in Shiraz. The results of the research show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the independent variables (level of self-satisfaction, internalization of values, harmony with group values and approval of others) with the dependent variable of girls’ social identity and its three dimensions (national, religious, family). There is; But there is no significant relationship between the socio-economic base variable and social. Abstract On the one hand, identity is the source of meaning and construction, and on the other hand, it is constructed under the influence of social, cultural, political, economic, environmental, and other factors. In fact, the relationship between identity and other social and cultural structures is two-way and is constantly subject to reconstruction, construction and reconstruction as a process. The purpose of this research is to investigate the sociological determinants affecting the formation of social identity of female students in the city of Shiraz, and by relying on a comparative strategy, quantitative research methods, survey techniques and questionnaire tools were used to collect data. It has been the statistical population is female school students of the city of Shiraz, and 375 people were selected as a statistical sample. The method of random sampling is of multi-stage cluster type and data analysis was done using SPSS software and statistical tests of Pearson’s correlation coefficient, multivariate analysis (multiple regression) and path analysis. . The research results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the independent variables (self-satisfaction level, internalization of values, harmony with group values and approval of others) with the dependent variable of social identity and its three dimensions (national, religious, family); But there is no significant relationship between the socio-economic base variable and social identity. Also, the results of multivariable regression show that the coefficient of determination (2R) of four variables in the equation, i.e. coordination of group values, being approved by others, internalization of values and individual self-satisfaction, is 0.36 of the variance of the variable. They explain or predict dependent social identity. Keywords: Social Identity, Religious Identity, Family Identity, National Identity. 1. Introduction One of today’s global mysteries that has occupied the minds and thoughts of experts in the fields of social psychology, sociology, and cultural studies is the issue of human identity, and since identity is an important part of every human being. and his personal and social life is influenced by his identity, the investigation of human identity is very interesting. This concept has been transformed in the context of social and cultural history and political and economic relations of today’s societies, so that today we talk about traditional identity, modern identity and postmodern identity. Men and women are a social characteristic apart from their biological characteristics, so that they should behave within a certain framework of culture accepted by the society and internalize gender norms and behaviors in their minds, which in case of violation will also face the reactions of the community. The traditional patriarchal family structure, which was mainly based on gender differences and characterized by the institutionalized authority of men in the family unit, has become questionable in recent decades due to the employment, education and awareness of women. The changes that have occurred in the family structure and the roles of women have provided the basis for the transformation of the personality and social identity of girls and women (Refatjah, 1381: 71). The importance of issues such as the crisis of social and gender identity, especially in the field of women and girls, has occupied experts in the fields of psychology, sociology and cultural studies for at least the past few decades. Developments in recent decades in cultural fields and structural fields have led to the multiplicity and diversity and even conflict of identity-building sources, and the spread of modernization and modernization in the global arena has led to an identity crisis among many sections of society, especially young women. (Saroukhani, 1383: 80). Therefore, it is necessary to address the issue of social identity of female students and its constituent elements and factors affecting it in this research. Also, about the social identification status of the statistical population of the research, which are high school female students of Shiraz city; Few researches have been done and therefore the current research is important and necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological determinants affecting the formation of social identity of female high school students in Shiraz and seeks to answer the basic question of what sociological determinants affect the formation of social identity. Is it effective for high school female students in Shiraz? 2. Method This research was done in terms of comparative strategy and with quantitative method and survey technique and questionnaire tool; Also, in terms of purpose, it is practical and in terms of time, it is among cross-sectional researches. The statistical population of this research is 5160 thousand people, including all female students of the second secondary school who are studying in Shiraz city in the academic year of 1401-1400, and 375 of them were selected as a statistical sample. The sampling method in this research is random sampling of multi-stage clustering type. So that the schools of Shiraz city were divided into five parts (each cluster) North, South, East, West and Center and then a school was randomly selected from that region and a questionnaire was distributed to each of the selected schools. 3. Discussion As you can see. The total effect of independent variables on religious identity is 73%, of which 64% is a direct effect and 9% is an indirect effect. This means that the independent variables used in this research had more effects on the dependent variable without mediation. The direct causal effect of variables of coordination of group values was 33%, internalization of values was 14%, and approval by others was 17%. The value of 2R shows that in the whole research model, it was able to explain 23% of the variance of social identity. The amount of error of the model (0.88) indicates the value of the variance of the variable that is not explained by the previous variables of the model. With the square of the error quantity (E), the unexplained variance is obtained, which is 0.77 in this model, in other words, 77% of the social identity variance is not explained by the model. 4. Conclusion Dealing with the social identity of girls in society shows us a general view of identity to some extent, because this dimension of identity includes the most basic elements of the identity of people in any society. Social and cultural changes occur gradually, and girls who are looking for what and who they are, or their social identity, are faced with new forms of identity-making patterns, and at the same time, traditional culture and manifestations of modern culture come upon them. see In such a situation, girls learn that they can cope with the roles and identities that are caused by cultural and social patterns and by relying on multiple sources of identity formation, with agency and rethinking to new personal and social patterns. Get an identity. In fact, girls are constantly rethinking their traditions, modern values and daily activities and try to build a meaningful identity for their representation. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the sociological determinants affecting the formation of the social identity of secondary school girls in Shiraz. The results of the research show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the independent variables (level of self-satisfaction, internalization of values, harmony with group values and approval of others) with the dependent variable of girls’ social identity and its three dimensions (national, religious, family). There is; But there is no significant relationship between the socio-economic base variable and social.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5166_d814f4e3dcf9e6f473e213232b9ba115.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 A Comprehensive Study of the Reasons for the Repetition of Criminal Behavior among People Sentenced to Prison A Comprehensive Study of the Reasons for the Repetition of Criminal Behavior among People Sentenced to Prison 117 152 5697 10.22084/csr.2024.28521.2249 FA Taha Ashayeri Assistant Professor, Department of History and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0001-8210-8899 Elham Abbasi Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Payame noor, Tehan, Iran. 0000-0002-2098-6861 Tahereh Jahanparvar PhD student in Cultural Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Communication and Media, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2098-6861 Mohammad Noori PhD Student in Political Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. 0009-0005-8748-2448 Journal Article 2023 12 11 Abstract Criminal behavior refers to an illegal, norm-breaking and deviant action, the perpetrator of which is sent to prison and sentenced to legal-criminal punishment. Even though prison is a place for correction, punishment and prevention of recidivism, some convicts tend to repeat their criminal behavior due to committing crimes, which requires a comprehensive study of the reasons for such a socio-cultural issue. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to study the comprehensive reasons for the repetition of criminal behavior among people sentenced to prison. meta-analysis research method, deliberate-non-probability sampling method; From the statistical population, 36 documents from the scientific sources of Nurmagz, Mag Iran, Iran Doc, and the scientific database of Jihad University, 26 scientific documents as a sample size of 25 in the period from 1388 to 1403 based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and analyzed through Cohen’s d test and Fisher’s f test. were placed The results show that social factors (differential cohabitation, broken family, environmental criminal opportunities, social support, social cohesion, social control); cultural factors (religiosity, risky lifestyle, cultural poverty, belonging to a subcultural society); Economic factors (feeling of relative deprivation, poverty, feeling of injustice, unemployment) and psychological factors (negative social label, deviant identity, family emotional crisis, sense of abnormality and low self-esteem) are effective in repeating the criminal behavior of people sentenced to prison and returning them to the prison environment. have been. Keywords: Social Capital, Social Surveillance, Shame, Criminal Opportunity, Relative Deprivation, Religious Affiliation. 1. Introduction Prison is a place of gathering, keeping and protecting criminals who, according to Iran’s Islamic Penal Code; Convicted by the court (judicial institution) and must endure and spend a period of time according to the type of crime and its severity, and spend a certain period of time under the control of prison staff. The empirical background studies in the period of 1383 to 1403 show that, in general, the prison and the social control of criminals in prison require new and sustainable preventive measures, and they commit criminal behaviors again after being released from prison and return to prison. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to study the comprehensive reasons for the repetition of criminal behavior among people sentenced to prison. 2. Materials and Methods Present research method; Quantitative and its method of analysis is quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review of studies. CMA2 software used and statistical tests to explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables; d is Cohen’s and f is Fisher’s. 3. Data a. Significant social factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - Differential cohabitation has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crime among prisoners and the value of this effect is 0.362. - Social cohesion has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.213. - Social control has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crime among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.146. B. Significant cultural factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - Religiosity has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.154. - The high-risk lifestyle has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners, and the value of this effect is 0.166. C. Significant economic factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - The feeling of relative deprivation has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.561. - Poverty has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.366. - The feeling of injustice has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.371. - Unemployment has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.190. D. Significant psychological factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - The negative social label has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.155. - Deviant identity has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.137. 4. Discussion Prison is the last station in the society for the care and reformation of criminals, criminals and those who violate the laws and social norms. Prison is an event and a bitter social problem of human society, and imprisonment is built as a punishment for the criminal, to learn a lesson, heal the victims, create collective security and prevent criminal behavior. 5. Conclusion Social support; It is a very strong and predictive variable in criminal behavior and with its decrease among prisoners due to the feeling of loneliness, isolation and reduction of intimate circles; The conditions of returning to prison have increased and this variable has explained 17% of the changes in the dependent variable. - Social control means social supervision of people released in prison and by reducing the mechanism and conditions of supervision over prisoners and their release; There are also more grounds for repeating criminal behavior. This change has predicted 14% of changes in the dependent variable. - Belonging to the subcultural society in the sense of the interest and interaction of the imprisoned person with groups of the same religion is a negative reference model that after leaving the prison environment; He visited them again to continue the relationship and social interaction with them, and as a result of this repetition of the interaction; The tendency to repeat criminal behavior also increases. This variable has explained 33% of the changes in the repetition of criminal behavior. D. Significant psychological factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - The negative social label towards the prisoners of committing a crime and repeating it, as a social act, will be normal and free of shame. This variable has been able to predict 15% of the changes in the repetition of criminal behavior. - Deviant identity causes acceptance of deviant identity, and as a result, the prisoner accepts himself as a criminal and deviant person, and as a result, the tendency to repeat criminal behavior will increase. This variable has predicted 13% of the changes in the repetition of criminal behavior. Abstract Criminal behavior refers to an illegal, norm-breaking and deviant action, the perpetrator of which is sent to prison and sentenced to legal-criminal punishment. Even though prison is a place for correction, punishment and prevention of recidivism, some convicts tend to repeat their criminal behavior due to committing crimes, which requires a comprehensive study of the reasons for such a socio-cultural issue. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to study the comprehensive reasons for the repetition of criminal behavior among people sentenced to prison. meta-analysis research method, deliberate-non-probability sampling method; From the statistical population, 36 documents from the scientific sources of Nurmagz, Mag Iran, Iran Doc, and the scientific database of Jihad University, 26 scientific documents as a sample size of 25 in the period from 1388 to 1403 based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and analyzed through Cohen’s d test and Fisher’s f test. were placed The results show that social factors (differential cohabitation, broken family, environmental criminal opportunities, social support, social cohesion, social control); cultural factors (religiosity, risky lifestyle, cultural poverty, belonging to a subcultural society); Economic factors (feeling of relative deprivation, poverty, feeling of injustice, unemployment) and psychological factors (negative social label, deviant identity, family emotional crisis, sense of abnormality and low self-esteem) are effective in repeating the criminal behavior of people sentenced to prison and returning them to the prison environment. have been. Keywords: Social Capital, Social Surveillance, Shame, Criminal Opportunity, Relative Deprivation, Religious Affiliation. 1. Introduction Prison is a place of gathering, keeping and protecting criminals who, according to Iran’s Islamic Penal Code; Convicted by the court (judicial institution) and must endure and spend a period of time according to the type of crime and its severity, and spend a certain period of time under the control of prison staff. The empirical background studies in the period of 1383 to 1403 show that, in general, the prison and the social control of criminals in prison require new and sustainable preventive measures, and they commit criminal behaviors again after being released from prison and return to prison. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to study the comprehensive reasons for the repetition of criminal behavior among people sentenced to prison. 2. Materials and Methods Present research method; Quantitative and its method of analysis is quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review of studies. CMA2 software used and statistical tests to explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables; d is Cohen’s and f is Fisher’s. 3. Data a. Significant social factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - Differential cohabitation has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crime among prisoners and the value of this effect is 0.362. - Social cohesion has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.213. - Social control has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crime among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.146. B. Significant cultural factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - Religiosity has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.154. - The high-risk lifestyle has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners, and the value of this effect is 0.166. C. Significant economic factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - The feeling of relative deprivation has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.561. - Poverty has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.366. - The feeling of injustice has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.371. - Unemployment has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.190. D. Significant psychological factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - The negative social label has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.155. - Deviant identity has a significant effect on the tendency to repeat crimes among prisoners and the value of this effect is equal to 0.137. 4. Discussion Prison is the last station in the society for the care and reformation of criminals, criminals and those who violate the laws and social norms. Prison is an event and a bitter social problem of human society, and imprisonment is built as a punishment for the criminal, to learn a lesson, heal the victims, create collective security and prevent criminal behavior. 5. Conclusion Social support; It is a very strong and predictive variable in criminal behavior and with its decrease among prisoners due to the feeling of loneliness, isolation and reduction of intimate circles; The conditions of returning to prison have increased and this variable has explained 17% of the changes in the dependent variable. - Social control means social supervision of people released in prison and by reducing the mechanism and conditions of supervision over prisoners and their release; There are also more grounds for repeating criminal behavior. This change has predicted 14% of changes in the dependent variable. - Belonging to the subcultural society in the sense of the interest and interaction of the imprisoned person with groups of the same religion is a negative reference model that after leaving the prison environment; He visited them again to continue the relationship and social interaction with them, and as a result of this repetition of the interaction; The tendency to repeat criminal behavior also increases. This variable has explained 33% of the changes in the repetition of criminal behavior. D. Significant psychological factors on the repetition of criminal behavior - The negative social label towards the prisoners of committing a crime and repeating it, as a social act, will be normal and free of shame. This variable has been able to predict 15% of the changes in the repetition of criminal behavior. - Deviant identity causes acceptance of deviant identity, and as a result, the prisoner accepts himself as a criminal and deviant person, and as a result, the tendency to repeat criminal behavior will increase. This variable has predicted 13% of the changes in the repetition of criminal behavior.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5697_cd3109c63bf4323e6b987a5923becb96.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Reconstructing the Meaning of the Entrepreneurship as Creating Value and Gaining Social Benefit: A Qualitative Research from the Perspective of NGOs Managers Reconstructing the Meaning of the Entrepreneurship as Creating Value and Gaining Social Benefit: A Qualitative Research from the Perspective of NGOs Managers 153 186 5688 10.22084/csr.2024.28570.2251 FA Saeed Soltani Bahram Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0002-3162-0398 Alireza Jamshidi Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0002-3594-4365 Zahra Taheri Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran. 0000-0003-0008-7890 Journal Article 2023 11 20 Abstract Today, one of the concepts of interest in the field of economic sociology is the concept of entrepreneurship. From the point of view of social scientists, entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a changing network of social relations, and these social relations can regulate the entrepreneur’s relationship with resources and opportunities. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively study the meaning of the structure of entrepreneurship from the perspective of NGOs managers. The research method is qualitative content analysis, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 managers of active and licensed sports clubs from the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan Province. NGOs managers have been selected using the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the rule of saturation and maximum diversity. The findings obtained from examining the content of in-depth interviews led to the identification of 114 primary concepts. These basic concepts were categorized into 16 subcategories. The obtained sub-categories include the optimal use of one’s own and others’ capacities in creating the examination and text of the interviews finally led to the identification of 6 main categories including 1) social benefit, 2) value creation, 3) social change, 4) innovation and commercialization, 5) economic independence and 6) empowerment. The obtained findings show that the managers of NGOs do not have an economic reductionist approach to the structure of entrepreneurship, but the approach of NGOs managers to the concept of entrepreneurship is a multidimensional economic, social and cultural approach. NGOs managers considered entrepreneurship as gaining social benefit and they paid attention to non-economic benefits in entrepreneurship. Also, NGOs managers considered entrepreneurship not as earning economic income but as creating value in society. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Commercialization, NGOs, Social Benefit, Value Creation. 1. Introduction The rapid changes and developments of science and technology in recent years have made the countries of the world face new challenges that require the use of creative approaches and methods (Javadi et al., 2022: 141). Among them, the role of entrepreneurship and the value of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial behavior are of great importance and in most countries, entrepreneurship has been interpreted as the engine of economic growth and development (Abbasi et al., 2023: 17). Entrepreneurship can contribute to development by discovering opportunities and using them properly, creating employment opportunities, and changing the living environment (Obschonka et al, 2017). Therefore, entrepreneurship is considered one of the main factors of economic value creation and an efficient tool for creating effective, sustainable employment and reducing the number of unemployed (Zhang et al, 2020). Four elements of empathy, moral judgment, self-efficacy and perceived social support play a significant role in the formation of entrepreneurial behavior (Gomez Lakap, 2018). In the formation of entrepreneurship in society, the role of NGOs is undoubtedly more prominent and significant. NGOs are mostly non-profit individual or organizational voluntary groups that are usually not affiliated with any government and are formed at the local, national or international level to provide services or public policy (Karnes, 2016). (Hatami Khaljan et al., 2023). Non-governmental organizations through publishing and public information (communications), attracting public participation (public mobilization), collecting small public donations and resources (resource mobilization), creating and expanding and strengthening coordination with governments in shaping the platform and space Entrepreneurship plays an important role. Therefore, the main question of the research is, what conclusions do the managers of NGOs have about the concept of entrepreneurship? How do NGOs managers interpret the concept of entrepreneurship in their own literature? What factors, conditions and platforms do you consider the formation of entrepreneurship to be affected? 2. Materials and Methods Regarding the influence of the socio-cultural environment on entrepreneurship, Max Weber argues that the socio-cultural systems in which people live form a set of values that are based on the personal values and thought patterns of people, and these in turn It affects people’s decisions to become entrepreneurs or not (Hemmati & Raji, 2022: 150). Another concept related to the field of entrepreneurship is related to the cultural values of society. Behavioral patterns related to the environment lead to the formation of different cultural values in different societies, some of which influence the decision to create a new business (Akhtar & Sumi, 2014). From the point of view of social network theory, entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a network of social relationships and these relationships can facilitate the entrepreneur’s relationship with limited resources and opportunities (Soltani Bahram et al., 2020). According to the presented materials, the proposed theories have investigated the reality of entrepreneurship in different structures. However, the important shortcoming of the proposed theories is that they have not paid attention to the meaning emerging from the mental world of the actors. Also, none of the conducted researches have investigated the meaning of entrepreneurship from the perspective of popular and non-governmental activists. Also, attention to dimensions and angles and undiscovered and different interpretations of activists has not been taken into account. To conduct this research, the qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the interview data. The statistical population of the research was the managers of the licensed gyms from the General Department of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan province and active in the field of social affairs, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. According to the interview protocol, each interview lasted for 45 minutes. 3. Data The statistical population of the research consisted of 14 active and licensed NGOs from the General Department of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan province, of which 14 were secretaries, 11 were men and 3 were women. The age range of the respondents was from 23 years to 40 years and most of the interviewees had a bachelor’s degree and 3 people had a master’s degree. The analysis of research data about entrepreneurship led to the extraction of 114 primary concepts, 16 sub-categories and 6 main categories. 4. Discussion The main categories extracted from the semantic units are: - Social benefit: The concept of social benefit from the perspective of NGOs managers refers to the benefits that the entrepreneur pays attention to in creating a new business. Based on the findings of this research, the category of social benefit includes three subcategories: a) optimal use of one’s own and others’ capacities in creating a business, b) combination of resources, and c) imprinting. - Creating value: In this research, the primary concepts extracted from the main category of value creation include three sub-categories of competitiveness, risk-taking and connecting people with the entrepreneurial and business environment, each of which alone indicates the value of the concept of entrepreneurship in are the studied community. - Change the status quo: The managers of Semen had the idea of entrepreneurship that traditional and manual jobs should be resisted and new jobs that are based on information and communication technology should be of interest to future generations. Based on the findings, social change has been classified into two sub-categories of innovation in employment and new jobs based on IT. - Empowerment: One of the categories that has been considered in the semantic reconstruction of the concept of entrepreneurship is the concept of empowerment. Empowerment is included in the sub-category of identifying one’s own and others’ abilities and leadership ability. 5. Conclusion The current research has been conducted with the aim of extracting the meaning of entrepreneurship from the point of view of the managers of Semen. One of the main categories that Semen managers paid extra attention to was social benefit. One of the criteria that researchers emphasize in the characteristics of entrepreneurs is the ability to combine resources of entrepreneurs (Alinejad, 2018: 287). The research findings of Hoseini et al. (2023) and Abbasi et al. (2023) with the findings obtained from the interview texts also confirm this. In discussing entrepreneurship, Schumpeter believes that entrepreneurs are those who can mobilize and combine social and economic goals for their economic goals by emphasizing the power of combining the resources of entrepreneurs. Therefore, from Schumpeter’s point of view, the entrepreneurial man cannot be reduced to a Paratoian economic man, but in pursuit of his economic goals, he seeks innovation, creativity and the combination of resources (Alinejad, 2018: 263). One of the main categories identified is the discussion of value creation through the formation of entrepreneurship in society. In their interviews, the managers of NGOs clearly stated that the purpose of entrepreneurship is to create social, economic and cultural value in the society. In this regard, Jean-Baptiste C defines entrepreneurship as the equivalent of creating value in society and believes that the main goal of all economic activities is to create value (Alinejad, 2018: 261). Abstract Today, one of the concepts of interest in the field of economic sociology is the concept of entrepreneurship. From the point of view of social scientists, entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a changing network of social relations, and these social relations can regulate the entrepreneur’s relationship with resources and opportunities. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively study the meaning of the structure of entrepreneurship from the perspective of NGOs managers. The research method is qualitative content analysis, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 managers of active and licensed sports clubs from the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan Province. NGOs managers have been selected using the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the rule of saturation and maximum diversity. The findings obtained from examining the content of in-depth interviews led to the identification of 114 primary concepts. These basic concepts were categorized into 16 subcategories. The obtained sub-categories include the optimal use of one’s own and others’ capacities in creating the examination and text of the interviews finally led to the identification of 6 main categories including 1) social benefit, 2) value creation, 3) social change, 4) innovation and commercialization, 5) economic independence and 6) empowerment. The obtained findings show that the managers of NGOs do not have an economic reductionist approach to the structure of entrepreneurship, but the approach of NGOs managers to the concept of entrepreneurship is a multidimensional economic, social and cultural approach. NGOs managers considered entrepreneurship as gaining social benefit and they paid attention to non-economic benefits in entrepreneurship. Also, NGOs managers considered entrepreneurship not as earning economic income but as creating value in society. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Commercialization, NGOs, Social Benefit, Value Creation. 1. Introduction The rapid changes and developments of science and technology in recent years have made the countries of the world face new challenges that require the use of creative approaches and methods (Javadi et al., 2022: 141). Among them, the role of entrepreneurship and the value of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial behavior are of great importance and in most countries, entrepreneurship has been interpreted as the engine of economic growth and development (Abbasi et al., 2023: 17). Entrepreneurship can contribute to development by discovering opportunities and using them properly, creating employment opportunities, and changing the living environment (Obschonka et al, 2017). Therefore, entrepreneurship is considered one of the main factors of economic value creation and an efficient tool for creating effective, sustainable employment and reducing the number of unemployed (Zhang et al, 2020). Four elements of empathy, moral judgment, self-efficacy and perceived social support play a significant role in the formation of entrepreneurial behavior (Gomez Lakap, 2018). In the formation of entrepreneurship in society, the role of NGOs is undoubtedly more prominent and significant. NGOs are mostly non-profit individual or organizational voluntary groups that are usually not affiliated with any government and are formed at the local, national or international level to provide services or public policy (Karnes, 2016). (Hatami Khaljan et al., 2023). Non-governmental organizations through publishing and public information (communications), attracting public participation (public mobilization), collecting small public donations and resources (resource mobilization), creating and expanding and strengthening coordination with governments in shaping the platform and space Entrepreneurship plays an important role. Therefore, the main question of the research is, what conclusions do the managers of NGOs have about the concept of entrepreneurship? How do NGOs managers interpret the concept of entrepreneurship in their own literature? What factors, conditions and platforms do you consider the formation of entrepreneurship to be affected? 2. Materials and Methods Regarding the influence of the socio-cultural environment on entrepreneurship, Max Weber argues that the socio-cultural systems in which people live form a set of values that are based on the personal values and thought patterns of people, and these in turn It affects people’s decisions to become entrepreneurs or not (Hemmati & Raji, 2022: 150). Another concept related to the field of entrepreneurship is related to the cultural values of society. Behavioral patterns related to the environment lead to the formation of different cultural values in different societies, some of which influence the decision to create a new business (Akhtar & Sumi, 2014). From the point of view of social network theory, entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a network of social relationships and these relationships can facilitate the entrepreneur’s relationship with limited resources and opportunities (Soltani Bahram et al., 2020). According to the presented materials, the proposed theories have investigated the reality of entrepreneurship in different structures. However, the important shortcoming of the proposed theories is that they have not paid attention to the meaning emerging from the mental world of the actors. Also, none of the conducted researches have investigated the meaning of entrepreneurship from the perspective of popular and non-governmental activists. Also, attention to dimensions and angles and undiscovered and different interpretations of activists has not been taken into account. To conduct this research, the qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the interview data. The statistical population of the research was the managers of the licensed gyms from the General Department of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan province and active in the field of social affairs, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. According to the interview protocol, each interview lasted for 45 minutes. 3. Data The statistical population of the research consisted of 14 active and licensed NGOs from the General Department of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan province, of which 14 were secretaries, 11 were men and 3 were women. The age range of the respondents was from 23 years to 40 years and most of the interviewees had a bachelor’s degree and 3 people had a master’s degree. The analysis of research data about entrepreneurship led to the extraction of 114 primary concepts, 16 sub-categories and 6 main categories. 4. Discussion The main categories extracted from the semantic units are: - Social benefit: The concept of social benefit from the perspective of NGOs managers refers to the benefits that the entrepreneur pays attention to in creating a new business. Based on the findings of this research, the category of social benefit includes three subcategories: a) optimal use of one’s own and others’ capacities in creating a business, b) combination of resources, and c) imprinting. - Creating value: In this research, the primary concepts extracted from the main category of value creation include three sub-categories of competitiveness, risk-taking and connecting people with the entrepreneurial and business environment, each of which alone indicates the value of the concept of entrepreneurship in are the studied community. - Change the status quo: The managers of Semen had the idea of entrepreneurship that traditional and manual jobs should be resisted and new jobs that are based on information and communication technology should be of interest to future generations. Based on the findings, social change has been classified into two sub-categories of innovation in employment and new jobs based on IT. - Empowerment: One of the categories that has been considered in the semantic reconstruction of the concept of entrepreneurship is the concept of empowerment. Empowerment is included in the sub-category of identifying one’s own and others’ abilities and leadership ability. 5. Conclusion The current research has been conducted with the aim of extracting the meaning of entrepreneurship from the point of view of the managers of Semen. One of the main categories that Semen managers paid extra attention to was social benefit. One of the criteria that researchers emphasize in the characteristics of entrepreneurs is the ability to combine resources of entrepreneurs (Alinejad, 2018: 287). The research findings of Hoseini et al. (2023) and Abbasi et al. (2023) with the findings obtained from the interview texts also confirm this. In discussing entrepreneurship, Schumpeter believes that entrepreneurs are those who can mobilize and combine social and economic goals for their economic goals by emphasizing the power of combining the resources of entrepreneurs. Therefore, from Schumpeter’s point of view, the entrepreneurial man cannot be reduced to a Paratoian economic man, but in pursuit of his economic goals, he seeks innovation, creativity and the combination of resources (Alinejad, 2018: 263). One of the main categories identified is the discussion of value creation through the formation of entrepreneurship in society. In their interviews, the managers of NGOs clearly stated that the purpose of entrepreneurship is to create social, economic and cultural value in the society. In this regard, Jean-Baptiste C defines entrepreneurship as the equivalent of creating value in society and believes that the main goal of all economic activities is to create value (Alinejad, 2018: 261).

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5688_1f029c1e1abaaf0605807b7f91552d36.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 The Effect of Housing Prices on Marriage in Urban Areas of Iran The Effect of Housing Prices on Marriage in Urban Areas of Iran 187 210 5896 10.22084/csr.2024.28600.2253 FA Aliakbar Gholizadeh Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0002-2319-1925 Zahra Mohammadi MSc Student, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 0009-0009-7162-7883 Journal Article 2023 11 28 Abstract Although marriage is a personal matter and one of the significant dimensions of social and human development, its economic aspect, particularly the provision of adequate accommodation, is regarded as a critical and fundamental factor in the stability and success of couples. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the economic and social factors, such as housing prices, that influence marriage and the formation of households, especially youthful households. This research investigates the impact of housing prices on marriage in Iran using the ARDL method and time series data from 1990 to 2021. The findings suggest that the marriage rate is significantly and negatively influenced by the real housing price, unemployment rate, and education level. Conversely, the marriage rate is significantly and positively influenced by the ratio of the urban population to the total population and the real GDP. In this study, the variables that had the greatest impact on marriage were housing price, urbanization, and education. Keywords: Housing Economics, Marriage, Economic Factors, Housing Prices, ARDL. 1. Introduction In numerous societies, housing provision is regarded as a determinant of social status, in addition to its economic implications. Traditionally, the main drivers of demand for property ownership have been young individuals who marry. The transition from renting to owning a residence is a significant milestone in the life cycle (Clark, 1994). Housing provision is not only a critical indicator of adulthood (Brownstein, 2015), but it also represents the largest share of the wealth in the majority of households at the micro level. The most costly and valuable asset for the majority of households is the acquisition of a residence (Brito et al., 2022). Before or during marriage, there are two primary motivations for purchasing a property that are significant and influential. One is the cultural norm that is prevalent in Asia, where young couples traditionally use the purchase of a residence as a symbol of their commitment to marriage (South & Spitze, 1986). The second rationale is that the acquisition of a residence is regarded as a component of the dowry. Sometimes parents assist their offspring in obtaining the necessary shelter by providing a deposit for a house. Intergenerational wealth transfer in the country’s housing market is also a consequence of such behavior, in addition to increasing the price of housing (Hui et al., 2016). These two reasons are of vital significance during the early stages of marriage formation and household agreement in a marriage. The analysis of family formation in Iran has been significantly influenced by economic challenges, despite the political support for lowering the age of marriage and increasing fertility. The primary factors that prevent numerous young Iranians from marrying and starting a family are high housing and rent prices (Eltejaei & Azizzadeh, 2016). Given that this issue has not been previously studied in Iran, this study endeavors to investigate the relationship between housing prices and marriage rates. 2. Materials and Methods The data utilized in this study were obtained from scientific and reliable sources, including the Central Bank, Civil Registry, and Statistical Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, between 1990 and 2020. Using Eviews software, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric model was implemented in the investigation. Initially, in order to examine the short-term and long-term relationship between the variables of marriage rate, real housing price, education, unemployment rate, urban population ratio to total population, and real GDP, a stationary test was conducted on all variables to verify the absence of spurious regression phenomenon. Then, classical assumption tests were conducted, including the serial correlation, correct dependent form of the model, normality of residuals, variance heterogeneity, and convergence test (long-term relationship between variables). In order to establish dynamic short-term relationships, the error correction model was implemented. Lastly, the variable’s elasticity and ultimate effects were investigated. The conceptual expression of the variables and their abbreviations are illustrated in Table 1. 3. Discussion The following is the forward research model, which is derived from Chang et al.’s (2020) model: MR= f (PH, EDU, GDP, UR, UP) As indicated by the error correction model estimation results, the error term coefficient is equivalent to -0.64 and is within the range of-1<ECM<0. Therefore, it is statistically significant and it can be inferred that according to the error correction term, 64 percent of the short-term disequilibrium is rectified in each period to achieve long-term equilibrium. Equation 2 is employed to determine the model’s elasticity, while Equation 3 is employed to determine the ultimate effect: Where ∈ is the elasticity, δ is the final effect, X is the mean of independent variable, and (LOGMR) is the mean of dependent variable. If Log Ph increases by one percent, the short-term marriage rate decreases by 0.474 percent and the long-term marriage rate decreases by 2.976 percent. In the ultimate effect, if the real price of housing increases by one thousand rails, the marriage rate will decrease by 1.2 thousand individuals in the short-term and by 7.5 thousand individuals in the long-term. With a one percent increase in LOG GDP, the short-term marriage rate increases by 0.424 percent and the long-term marriage rate increases by 1.4 percent. In the ultimate effect, if LOG GDP increases by one thousand rails, the marriage rate increases by 0.3 thousand people in the short-run and by 1.08 thousand people in the long-run. If LOG EDU increases by one percent, the marriage rate will decrease by 1.059 percent in the short-term and by 6.7 percent in the long-term. In the ultimate effect, if the LOG EDU increases by one person, the marriage rate decreases by 0.8 individuals in the short-term and by 5.3 individuals in the long-term. If LOG UR increases by one percent, the short-term marriage rate increases by 1.6147 percent and the long-term marriage rate increases by 3.0742 percent. The final effect also indicates that if LOG UR increases by 1,000 people, the marriage rate will decrease by 0.53 thousand people in the short-run and by 1.01 thousand people in the long-run. If UP increases by one percent, the marriage rate decreases by 0.0389 percent in the short-run and by 0.19 percent in the long-run. Finally, a one percent increase in UP results in a 0.043 percent decrease in the short-term and a 0.215 percent decrease in the long-term in the marriage rate. 4. Conclusion In this study, the relationship between marriage and economic factors was investigated in the 1990-2020. The findings indicated that the marriage rate is reduced in both the short- and long-term by unemployment, rising housing prices, and increased education. Additionally, the age of marriage for both husband and wife increases, while real GDP and urban population have a positive impact on the marriage rate, resulting in a decrease in the age of marriage. In light of the results, which indicate that the unemployment rate has a negative effect on the marriage rate, it is imperative to investigate the factors that contribute to the rise in the unemployment rate in Iran and implement suitable measures to regulate this variable. According to the results, the marriage rate is negatively affected by rising housing prices in both the short- and long-term. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge that housing establishes an equilibrium pattern and contributes to economic mobility throughout the country. Thus, the agenda of policymakers and the planning system should encompass the regulation or management of housing prices. Abstract Although marriage is a personal matter and one of the significant dimensions of social and human development, its economic aspect, particularly the provision of adequate accommodation, is regarded as a critical and fundamental factor in the stability and success of couples. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the economic and social factors, such as housing prices, that influence marriage and the formation of households, especially youthful households. This research investigates the impact of housing prices on marriage in Iran using the ARDL method and time series data from 1990 to 2021. The findings suggest that the marriage rate is significantly and negatively influenced by the real housing price, unemployment rate, and education level. Conversely, the marriage rate is significantly and positively influenced by the ratio of the urban population to the total population and the real GDP. In this study, the variables that had the greatest impact on marriage were housing price, urbanization, and education. Keywords: Housing Economics, Marriage, Economic Factors, Housing Prices, ARDL. 1. Introduction In numerous societies, housing provision is regarded as a determinant of social status, in addition to its economic implications. Traditionally, the main drivers of demand for property ownership have been young individuals who marry. The transition from renting to owning a residence is a significant milestone in the life cycle (Clark, 1994). Housing provision is not only a critical indicator of adulthood (Brownstein, 2015), but it also represents the largest share of the wealth in the majority of households at the micro level. The most costly and valuable asset for the majority of households is the acquisition of a residence (Brito et al., 2022). Before or during marriage, there are two primary motivations for purchasing a property that are significant and influential. One is the cultural norm that is prevalent in Asia, where young couples traditionally use the purchase of a residence as a symbol of their commitment to marriage (South & Spitze, 1986). The second rationale is that the acquisition of a residence is regarded as a component of the dowry. Sometimes parents assist their offspring in obtaining the necessary shelter by providing a deposit for a house. Intergenerational wealth transfer in the country’s housing market is also a consequence of such behavior, in addition to increasing the price of housing (Hui et al., 2016). These two reasons are of vital significance during the early stages of marriage formation and household agreement in a marriage. The analysis of family formation in Iran has been significantly influenced by economic challenges, despite the political support for lowering the age of marriage and increasing fertility. The primary factors that prevent numerous young Iranians from marrying and starting a family are high housing and rent prices (Eltejaei & Azizzadeh, 2016). Given that this issue has not been previously studied in Iran, this study endeavors to investigate the relationship between housing prices and marriage rates. 2. Materials and Methods The data utilized in this study were obtained from scientific and reliable sources, including the Central Bank, Civil Registry, and Statistical Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, between 1990 and 2020. Using Eviews software, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric model was implemented in the investigation. Initially, in order to examine the short-term and long-term relationship between the variables of marriage rate, real housing price, education, unemployment rate, urban population ratio to total population, and real GDP, a stationary test was conducted on all variables to verify the absence of spurious regression phenomenon. Then, classical assumption tests were conducted, including the serial correlation, correct dependent form of the model, normality of residuals, variance heterogeneity, and convergence test (long-term relationship between variables). In order to establish dynamic short-term relationships, the error correction model was implemented. Lastly, the variable’s elasticity and ultimate effects were investigated. The conceptual expression of the variables and their abbreviations are illustrated in Table 1. 3. Discussion The following is the forward research model, which is derived from Chang et al.’s (2020) model: MR= f (PH, EDU, GDP, UR, UP) As indicated by the error correction model estimation results, the error term coefficient is equivalent to -0.64 and is within the range of-1<ECM<0. Therefore, it is statistically significant and it can be inferred that according to the error correction term, 64 percent of the short-term disequilibrium is rectified in each period to achieve long-term equilibrium. Equation 2 is employed to determine the model’s elasticity, while Equation 3 is employed to determine the ultimate effect: Where ∈ is the elasticity, δ is the final effect, X is the mean of independent variable, and (LOGMR) is the mean of dependent variable. If Log Ph increases by one percent, the short-term marriage rate decreases by 0.474 percent and the long-term marriage rate decreases by 2.976 percent. In the ultimate effect, if the real price of housing increases by one thousand rails, the marriage rate will decrease by 1.2 thousand individuals in the short-term and by 7.5 thousand individuals in the long-term. With a one percent increase in LOG GDP, the short-term marriage rate increases by 0.424 percent and the long-term marriage rate increases by 1.4 percent. In the ultimate effect, if LOG GDP increases by one thousand rails, the marriage rate increases by 0.3 thousand people in the short-run and by 1.08 thousand people in the long-run. If LOG EDU increases by one percent, the marriage rate will decrease by 1.059 percent in the short-term and by 6.7 percent in the long-term. In the ultimate effect, if the LOG EDU increases by one person, the marriage rate decreases by 0.8 individuals in the short-term and by 5.3 individuals in the long-term. If LOG UR increases by one percent, the short-term marriage rate increases by 1.6147 percent and the long-term marriage rate increases by 3.0742 percent. The final effect also indicates that if LOG UR increases by 1,000 people, the marriage rate will decrease by 0.53 thousand people in the short-run and by 1.01 thousand people in the long-run. If UP increases by one percent, the marriage rate decreases by 0.0389 percent in the short-run and by 0.19 percent in the long-run. Finally, a one percent increase in UP results in a 0.043 percent decrease in the short-term and a 0.215 percent decrease in the long-term in the marriage rate. 4. Conclusion In this study, the relationship between marriage and economic factors was investigated in the 1990-2020. The findings indicated that the marriage rate is reduced in both the short- and long-term by unemployment, rising housing prices, and increased education. Additionally, the age of marriage for both husband and wife increases, while real GDP and urban population have a positive impact on the marriage rate, resulting in a decrease in the age of marriage. In light of the results, which indicate that the unemployment rate has a negative effect on the marriage rate, it is imperative to investigate the factors that contribute to the rise in the unemployment rate in Iran and implement suitable measures to regulate this variable. According to the results, the marriage rate is negatively affected by rising housing prices in both the short- and long-term. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge that housing establishes an equilibrium pattern and contributes to economic mobility throughout the country. Thus, the agenda of policymakers and the planning system should encompass the regulation or management of housing prices.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5896_a914ecef9c12ffdb9bede64bb703d877.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Phenomenology of Precarious Work in Iran Phenomenology of Precarious Work in Iran 211 236 5664 10.22084/csr.2024.29179.2279 FA Leila Alavi Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Social Science Facultym Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. 0000-0003-2333-4102 Journal Article 2024 04 02 Abstract This paper examines the lived experiences of economic precarity among Iranian workers. It seeks to understand why these workers choose a path of adaptation and hope in the face of a risky and insecure work environment. The study relies on the lived experiences of workers in precarious situations and draws on Lauren Berlant’s concept of “cruel hope”. It was conducted among young, educated men employed on short-term contracts in Iran’s industrial sector. This qualitative research utilizes in-depth interviews and participatory observation to investigate precarity as an emotional state. Through data collection, a distinct definition of hope emerges within the Iranian economic and geographical context, revealing that, despite enduring anger from structural barriers related to economic instability and feelings of being stuck, exhausted, or at a dead end, workers replace despair with actions of resistance against precarity. These actions include consumerism, religious beliefs, cinema, faith in meritocracy, and doctrines of self-help and individual responsibility. Ultimately, the findings indicate that the hope for success, as promised by the dominant economic system, remains powerfully and cruelly alive, motivating workers to strive for advancement in their occupations without retreating. Keywords: Industrial Workers, Sociology of Work, Phenomenology, Precarious Work. 1. Introduction In recent decades, profound changes in employment systems across the globe have resulted in unstable economic conditions and precarious work. However, the study of precarity in the Global North has primarily focused on European-oriented experiences, treating precarious work as a global phenomenon (Alacovska & Gill, 2019). In contrast, new approaches emphasizing the Global South challenge the Western-centric nature of precarity, as many individuals in these regions have never experienced secure, predictable, and regular employment (Scully, 2016). In Iran, prolonged economic instability—largely a consequence of governmental political decisions—has significantly impacted citizens’ lives, with no immediate signs of integrated and stable economic policies. As a result, a considerable portion of the labor force in Iran’s industrial sector is now engaged in unstable employment, low-income jobs devoid of social support benefits. Precarity has thus become a chronic condition of this risky environment and is considered a normative state (Waite, 2009). Innovative studies that differ from previous literature in the sociology of work are needed to address precarious work in the Global South, specifically those that explore the adaptive and resilient lifestyles of citizens and strive to comprehend their actions and character. Against this backdrop, this research aims to understand how precarious workers in Iran’s industrial sector confront their unstable economic conditions and to explore the motivations behind the ambitions of future-oriented workers who continue to labor in such unpredictable contexts. 2. Materials and Methods The concept of precarity emerged in the 1970s among European labor movements to describe evolving forms of part-time, irregular, and low-wage work (Molé, 2010; Pettit, 2019). Several studies from the Global South criticize the Western-centric nature of this concept, highlighting those experiences of “dead ends,” feelings of being “stuck,” “waiting,” and “passing time” characterize the emotional conditions resulting from precarious employment or long-term unemployment; these experiences distance individuals from normative life (Jeffrey, 2010). Jackson (2011) posits that what nurtures hope amid such circumstances is the desire for something beyond immediate reach. Researchers emphasize that hope must be contextualized within specific cultural frameworks, recognizing the unique conceptualizations of hope across different societies. Accordingly, this study seeks to uncover how hope is generated in unstable conditions while examining the nature of that hope. Understanding the lived experiences of workers under instability and their subjective definitions of that instability requires a phenomenological approach. Therefore, this research prioritizes the unspoken narratives of workers, removing preconceived assumptions and extracting themes and meanings from their experiences. 3. Data The sample for this study comprises male workers with contractual employment and high-performance evaluation scores. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the research questions related to why some workers persist in unstable situations. The interviews were open-ended and unstructured, allowing for in-depth exploration of the participants’ perspectives. 4. Discussion This study emphasizes the lived experiences of workers, shifting the focus from urban middle-class contexts to the production, distribution, and headquarters departments within a company. A significant observation from the interviews and observations conducted is the existence of a profound sense of hope as an emotional state that often contradicts external realities and sometimes seems willfully ignored. This research highlights the dreams and aspirations of men navigating the complexities of working life. Despite acknowledging the insecurity and contractual nature of their jobs, these men express satisfaction in having employment. The research seeks to elucidate how it is possible for individuals to expect productive, creative, and hopeful performances in the absence of a stable, responsive, and rewarding system. The interviews reveal clues regarding the motivations behind exemplary performance in these precarious work environments. Respondents often exhibit a desire to maintain a sense of agency despite their uncertain circumstances, resisting the inertia prevalent within the economic and political system. Observations indicate that when protesting employment conditions and the existing contract extension system, these workers are less inclined to align with their peers and prefer to improve their status through hard work and enhanced efficiency (as one respondent articulated: “showing off”). In essence, a brutal hope for the future prevents their activism and resistance against the structural inequalities that characterize their precarious positions. 5. Conclusion This study draws on the research of Pettit and Berlant (Berlant, 2011; Pettit, 2019) to articulate precarity as an emotional state, emphasizing the role of feelings and emotions in understanding the lives of workers in critical and unstable conditions within the Global South. Precarious employment produces a sense of existential deadlock for individuals when their pursuit of normative dreams related to age, gender, and class is disrupted. Participants’ narratives reveal themes of individual responsibility and the necessity for double effort, as well as the role of hope as a cultural mechanism sustaining precarity. By relying on Berlant’s theory of ruthless optimism (Berlant, 2011), we can better understand how workers adapt to risky conditions. A culture of hard work, aspirations for the future, a belief in meritocracy, and reinforcement through self-help literature, success stories of global entrepreneurs, and religious narratives combine to foster a sense of hope (albeit often illusory) and sustain relentless effort. Berlant describes the hope that arises in precarious conditions as “cruel” because it can harm individuals by justifying structural inequalities and emphasizing individual responsibility, often leading to a culture of blame. Despite this harm, people find it difficult to relinquish this hope (Berlant, 2011). In this study, the prevalence of hope emerges as a necessity for sustaining life. This highlights the tension between structural explanations of precarity and subject-oriented narratives. Everyday consumerism provides temporary distraction and happiness, while global narratives of meritocracy foster hope by overshadowing structural explanations and diminishing the potential for effective collective action against precarity. This research aligns with findings from other studies (Sandoval, 2018; Scully, 2016), which suggest that the same mechanisms that create precarity and risky conditions in this context also produce and disseminate content and narratives that divert attention from structural inequalities. As a result, these narratives can lead to burnout and frustration, redirecting focus toward individual motivation and effort. Abstract This paper examines the lived experiences of economic precarity among Iranian workers. It seeks to understand why these workers choose a path of adaptation and hope in the face of a risky and insecure work environment. The study relies on the lived experiences of workers in precarious situations and draws on Lauren Berlant’s concept of “cruel hope”. It was conducted among young, educated men employed on short-term contracts in Iran’s industrial sector. This qualitative research utilizes in-depth interviews and participatory observation to investigate precarity as an emotional state. Through data collection, a distinct definition of hope emerges within the Iranian economic and geographical context, revealing that, despite enduring anger from structural barriers related to economic instability and feelings of being stuck, exhausted, or at a dead end, workers replace despair with actions of resistance against precarity. These actions include consumerism, religious beliefs, cinema, faith in meritocracy, and doctrines of self-help and individual responsibility. Ultimately, the findings indicate that the hope for success, as promised by the dominant economic system, remains powerfully and cruelly alive, motivating workers to strive for advancement in their occupations without retreating. Keywords: Industrial Workers, Sociology of Work, Phenomenology, Precarious Work. 1. Introduction In recent decades, profound changes in employment systems across the globe have resulted in unstable economic conditions and precarious work. However, the study of precarity in the Global North has primarily focused on European-oriented experiences, treating precarious work as a global phenomenon (Alacovska & Gill, 2019). In contrast, new approaches emphasizing the Global South challenge the Western-centric nature of precarity, as many individuals in these regions have never experienced secure, predictable, and regular employment (Scully, 2016). In Iran, prolonged economic instability—largely a consequence of governmental political decisions—has significantly impacted citizens’ lives, with no immediate signs of integrated and stable economic policies. As a result, a considerable portion of the labor force in Iran’s industrial sector is now engaged in unstable employment, low-income jobs devoid of social support benefits. Precarity has thus become a chronic condition of this risky environment and is considered a normative state (Waite, 2009). Innovative studies that differ from previous literature in the sociology of work are needed to address precarious work in the Global South, specifically those that explore the adaptive and resilient lifestyles of citizens and strive to comprehend their actions and character. Against this backdrop, this research aims to understand how precarious workers in Iran’s industrial sector confront their unstable economic conditions and to explore the motivations behind the ambitions of future-oriented workers who continue to labor in such unpredictable contexts. 2. Materials and Methods The concept of precarity emerged in the 1970s among European labor movements to describe evolving forms of part-time, irregular, and low-wage work (Molé, 2010; Pettit, 2019). Several studies from the Global South criticize the Western-centric nature of this concept, highlighting those experiences of “dead ends,” feelings of being “stuck,” “waiting,” and “passing time” characterize the emotional conditions resulting from precarious employment or long-term unemployment; these experiences distance individuals from normative life (Jeffrey, 2010). Jackson (2011) posits that what nurtures hope amid such circumstances is the desire for something beyond immediate reach. Researchers emphasize that hope must be contextualized within specific cultural frameworks, recognizing the unique conceptualizations of hope across different societies. Accordingly, this study seeks to uncover how hope is generated in unstable conditions while examining the nature of that hope. Understanding the lived experiences of workers under instability and their subjective definitions of that instability requires a phenomenological approach. Therefore, this research prioritizes the unspoken narratives of workers, removing preconceived assumptions and extracting themes and meanings from their experiences. 3. Data The sample for this study comprises male workers with contractual employment and high-performance evaluation scores. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the research questions related to why some workers persist in unstable situations. The interviews were open-ended and unstructured, allowing for in-depth exploration of the participants’ perspectives. 4. Discussion This study emphasizes the lived experiences of workers, shifting the focus from urban middle-class contexts to the production, distribution, and headquarters departments within a company. A significant observation from the interviews and observations conducted is the existence of a profound sense of hope as an emotional state that often contradicts external realities and sometimes seems willfully ignored. This research highlights the dreams and aspirations of men navigating the complexities of working life. Despite acknowledging the insecurity and contractual nature of their jobs, these men express satisfaction in having employment. The research seeks to elucidate how it is possible for individuals to expect productive, creative, and hopeful performances in the absence of a stable, responsive, and rewarding system. The interviews reveal clues regarding the motivations behind exemplary performance in these precarious work environments. Respondents often exhibit a desire to maintain a sense of agency despite their uncertain circumstances, resisting the inertia prevalent within the economic and political system. Observations indicate that when protesting employment conditions and the existing contract extension system, these workers are less inclined to align with their peers and prefer to improve their status through hard work and enhanced efficiency (as one respondent articulated: “showing off”). In essence, a brutal hope for the future prevents their activism and resistance against the structural inequalities that characterize their precarious positions. 5. Conclusion This study draws on the research of Pettit and Berlant (Berlant, 2011; Pettit, 2019) to articulate precarity as an emotional state, emphasizing the role of feelings and emotions in understanding the lives of workers in critical and unstable conditions within the Global South. Precarious employment produces a sense of existential deadlock for individuals when their pursuit of normative dreams related to age, gender, and class is disrupted. Participants’ narratives reveal themes of individual responsibility and the necessity for double effort, as well as the role of hope as a cultural mechanism sustaining precarity. By relying on Berlant’s theory of ruthless optimism (Berlant, 2011), we can better understand how workers adapt to risky conditions. A culture of hard work, aspirations for the future, a belief in meritocracy, and reinforcement through self-help literature, success stories of global entrepreneurs, and religious narratives combine to foster a sense of hope (albeit often illusory) and sustain relentless effort. Berlant describes the hope that arises in precarious conditions as “cruel” because it can harm individuals by justifying structural inequalities and emphasizing individual responsibility, often leading to a culture of blame. Despite this harm, people find it difficult to relinquish this hope (Berlant, 2011). In this study, the prevalence of hope emerges as a necessity for sustaining life. This highlights the tension between structural explanations of precarity and subject-oriented narratives. Everyday consumerism provides temporary distraction and happiness, while global narratives of meritocracy foster hope by overshadowing structural explanations and diminishing the potential for effective collective action against precarity. This research aligns with findings from other studies (Sandoval, 2018; Scully, 2016), which suggest that the same mechanisms that create precarity and risky conditions in this context also produce and disseminate content and narratives that divert attention from structural inequalities. As a result, these narratives can lead to burnout and frustration, redirecting focus toward individual motivation and effort.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5664_b24d21019de5e59da180f1661904f49a.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Ethnic Perception of Social Justice and its Relevance to John Rawls’ Theory of Justice (Case Study: Sunni Kurds of Iran) Ethnic Perception of Social Justice and its Relevance to John Rawls’ Theory of Justice (Case Study: Sunni Kurds of Iran) 237 265 5703 10.22084/csr.2024.29218.2285 FA Mohammad Heydari Postdoctoral researcher, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0001-7243-0462 Vahid Ghasemi Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0001-9214-6004 Journal Article 2024 04 23 Abstract As one of the fundamental requirements of social life, social justice is considered one of the most complex and controversial phenomena in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. Hence, one of Iran’s main challenges as a multi-ethnic country is achieving ethnic justice. In the IRI state, Sunni Kurds, as an ethnic-religious minority, have had unique experiences related to social justice. In this study, we investigated Iranian Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice and its relevance to John Rawls’ theory of justice using a qualitative research approach and the thematic analysis method. The research participants are sixteen Sunni Kurds of Iran. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. The data are analyzed using a thematic network approach. The research findings show that the participants’ perception of social justice has been formulated around four organizing themes, including the definition of justice (justice as equal access to resources and opportunities and justice as entitlement), the perception of justice (theatrical justice), and the expected just society (pluralistic society) and one global theme (justice as pluralism). The research results show the implicit relationship between the participants’ definition and perception of social justice and Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. In other words, their definition of justice at the general level follows the principle of “equal opportunity” in Rawls’ theory, and their expected just pluralistic society also conforms to a large extent to the well-ordered society, the reasonable pluralism of the democratic society, and Rawls’ idea of overlapping consensus. Keywords: Perception of Social Justice, Sunni Kurds, Justice as Pluralism, Rawls. 1. Introduction Undoubtedly, from the past to the present, one of the main challenges in the society of Iran has been ethnic justice. In recent decades, this issue has become a social problem due to the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among Iranian ethnic groups. Hence, investigating and explaining ethnic justice is necessary for effective ethnic policy-making. Kurds are one of the ethnic groups in Iran, distinguished from other ethnicities by their linguistic, cultural, and ideological characteristics. The relationship between the Kurds and Iranian states has consistently been challenging. In the IRI state, the intersection of ethnicity and religion has placed Sunni Kurds, as an ethnic-religious minority, in a more marginal position than other ethnic and religious groups. Empirically, there is ambiguity surrounding the Kurds’ perception of social justice. Another important aspect is the theoretical dimension of the Kurds’ perception of social justice. This aspect involves determining how their interpretation of social justice aligns with theories related to this phenomenon. One of the essential modern theories for social justice is John Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. According to fundamental ideas in Rawls’ theory, such as the social contract, original position, veil of ignorance, and well-ordered society, his theory seems more realistic and comprehensive than other theories related to forming just procedures and structures in a multi-ethnicity society. In this study, it is assumed that addressing Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice, as well as disambiguating their perception and investigating their relevance to Rawls’ theory of justice, can be a starting point to answer this fundamental question: what extent is it possible to use the theory of justice as fairness to realize social justice in Iran’s multi-ethnic and multi-religious society? Hence, this research’s primary purpose is to clarify the perception of social justice among Sunni Kurds. After that, another research purpose is to determine the relevance between Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice and Rawls’ theory of justice. 2. Materials and Methods We used the thematic analysis method and thematic network approach in this study. The field of study is the social and cultural field, including Sunni Kurds who live in the west and north-west of Iran and have common experiences with social justice. Thus, the research participants are sixteen Sunni Kurds. The purposeful sampling method was used in this study. For the data collection, we used a Semi-structured in-depth interview, and the coding method was used for data analysis. Conventional validation approaches in qualitative research, including validation by members (member check) and external audits, were used to validate the data collection and analysis process and the obtained results. 3. Data The research findings show that the participants’ perception of social justice has been formulated around four organizing themes and one global theme: 1. The definition of justice (equal access-entitlement): At the general level, research participants emphasize everyone’s equal access to resources and opportunities. In contrast, at higher levels, they consider entitlement as the basis for distributing resources and opportunities. According to their definition, any distribution of resources and opportunities at any level is considered fair if such affiliations are abandoned and unfair otherwise. 2. The perception of social justice (theatrical justice): The participants’ perception of justice is that social justice has been used by the system and its actors as a fashionable tool in different periods to legitimize the political system. The minimal and superficial experience of justice among the participants is more related to human agents and actors in specific times and places rather than society’s existing structures and laws. Thus, they understand this form of justice as theatrical and ritualistic justice that does not follow a specific principle or rule and cannot be generalized to everyone in all conditions and situations. 3. The just (pluralistic) society: Research participants consider a just society as a ‘pluralistic society’ that recognizes individual, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and ideological differences between people but does not involve any of them in distributing resources and opportunities. Finally, according to the participants’ definition and perception of social justice and their specifications of a just society, the theme of ‘justice as pluralism’ was selected as the global theme of the research. Pluralism is a perspective in which organizing and formulating the basic structures of a society is considered desirable when every ethnicity or every ideological group has the possibility and the means to protect its specific values and defend its rights at different levels. 4. Discussion First, based on the research results, there are two different definitions of justice at two levels among the participants. That is to say, their definition of justice at the general level of society and concerning the distribution of resources and opportunities among the general public is equal access for all. So, equal access is the central theme of their definition of social justice at this level. Nevertheless, at higher levels of distributing the resources, opportunities, and, in other words, special privileges, their definition is equivalent to entitlement. So, according to the definition of these people, to achieve social justice at both levels, the distribution of resources and opportunities, regardless of starting and non-starting affiliations, is an inevitable necessity. Second, in response to the question related to the Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice, their perception can be explained and interpreted based on the theatrical or ritualistic justice theme. Indeed, the participants’ perception of their experienced justice is a thin and superficial layer of justice, which is more similar to a performance by the agents and actors of the political structure than the realization of real justice expected by them. Third, the Sunni Kurds’ desirable just society is pluralistic and free from ethnic, religious, and ideological affiliations. Its only criterion in distributing resources, opportunities, and advantages is people’s humanity at lower levels and their ability, competence, and expertise at higher levels. 5. Conclusion In response to this question, what is the relevance between the Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice and Rawls’ theory of justice?’ However, research participants do not explicitly reference the fundamental ideas and principles of Rawls’ theory. However, they consider the veil of ignorance when they say resources and opportunities should be distributed between members of society regardless of starting [such as sexual, ethnic, language, religious, and social class] and non-starting [such as political and ideological] affiliations, as Rawls imagines that no one knows his starting places and affiliation in the veil of ignorance. They implicitly consider the basic structure of society because, in their opinion, a just or unjust society directly depends on how the main institutions distribute resources and opportunities. Their definition of justice at the public level aligns with Rawls’ principle of fair equality of opportunities. There is a close relationship between the pluralistic society considered by the participants and the just, well-ordered, and democratic society emphasized by Rawls. Also, the just pluralistic society considered by participants is the same well-ordered and just society considered by Rawls because the liberties related to equal citizenship are inviolable. Moreover, the pluralism emphasized by the research participants can only be realized in a democratic society based on the rule of law. Finally, in response to this question: can the theory of justice as fairness serve as a starting point for resolving disputes related to social justice and achieving a just society in Iran’s multi-ethnic and multi-religious context? Regardless of the attitudes and perceptions of various Iranian ethnicities or groups, this can only be realized if the basic structures and society envisioned by Rawls are established. Abstract As one of the fundamental requirements of social life, social justice is considered one of the most complex and controversial phenomena in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. Hence, one of Iran’s main challenges as a multi-ethnic country is achieving ethnic justice. In the IRI state, Sunni Kurds, as an ethnic-religious minority, have had unique experiences related to social justice. In this study, we investigated Iranian Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice and its relevance to John Rawls’ theory of justice using a qualitative research approach and the thematic analysis method. The research participants are sixteen Sunni Kurds of Iran. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. The data are analyzed using a thematic network approach. The research findings show that the participants’ perception of social justice has been formulated around four organizing themes, including the definition of justice (justice as equal access to resources and opportunities and justice as entitlement), the perception of justice (theatrical justice), and the expected just society (pluralistic society) and one global theme (justice as pluralism). The research results show the implicit relationship between the participants’ definition and perception of social justice and Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. In other words, their definition of justice at the general level follows the principle of “equal opportunity” in Rawls’ theory, and their expected just pluralistic society also conforms to a large extent to the well-ordered society, the reasonable pluralism of the democratic society, and Rawls’ idea of overlapping consensus. Keywords: Perception of Social Justice, Sunni Kurds, Justice as Pluralism, Rawls. 1. Introduction Undoubtedly, from the past to the present, one of the main challenges in the society of Iran has been ethnic justice. In recent decades, this issue has become a social problem due to the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among Iranian ethnic groups. Hence, investigating and explaining ethnic justice is necessary for effective ethnic policy-making. Kurds are one of the ethnic groups in Iran, distinguished from other ethnicities by their linguistic, cultural, and ideological characteristics. The relationship between the Kurds and Iranian states has consistently been challenging. In the IRI state, the intersection of ethnicity and religion has placed Sunni Kurds, as an ethnic-religious minority, in a more marginal position than other ethnic and religious groups. Empirically, there is ambiguity surrounding the Kurds’ perception of social justice. Another important aspect is the theoretical dimension of the Kurds’ perception of social justice. This aspect involves determining how their interpretation of social justice aligns with theories related to this phenomenon. One of the essential modern theories for social justice is John Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. According to fundamental ideas in Rawls’ theory, such as the social contract, original position, veil of ignorance, and well-ordered society, his theory seems more realistic and comprehensive than other theories related to forming just procedures and structures in a multi-ethnicity society. In this study, it is assumed that addressing Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice, as well as disambiguating their perception and investigating their relevance to Rawls’ theory of justice, can be a starting point to answer this fundamental question: what extent is it possible to use the theory of justice as fairness to realize social justice in Iran’s multi-ethnic and multi-religious society? Hence, this research’s primary purpose is to clarify the perception of social justice among Sunni Kurds. After that, another research purpose is to determine the relevance between Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice and Rawls’ theory of justice. 2. Materials and Methods We used the thematic analysis method and thematic network approach in this study. The field of study is the social and cultural field, including Sunni Kurds who live in the west and north-west of Iran and have common experiences with social justice. Thus, the research participants are sixteen Sunni Kurds. The purposeful sampling method was used in this study. For the data collection, we used a Semi-structured in-depth interview, and the coding method was used for data analysis. Conventional validation approaches in qualitative research, including validation by members (member check) and external audits, were used to validate the data collection and analysis process and the obtained results. 3. Data The research findings show that the participants’ perception of social justice has been formulated around four organizing themes and one global theme: 1. The definition of justice (equal access-entitlement): At the general level, research participants emphasize everyone’s equal access to resources and opportunities. In contrast, at higher levels, they consider entitlement as the basis for distributing resources and opportunities. According to their definition, any distribution of resources and opportunities at any level is considered fair if such affiliations are abandoned and unfair otherwise. 2. The perception of social justice (theatrical justice): The participants’ perception of justice is that social justice has been used by the system and its actors as a fashionable tool in different periods to legitimize the political system. The minimal and superficial experience of justice among the participants is more related to human agents and actors in specific times and places rather than society’s existing structures and laws. Thus, they understand this form of justice as theatrical and ritualistic justice that does not follow a specific principle or rule and cannot be generalized to everyone in all conditions and situations. 3. The just (pluralistic) society: Research participants consider a just society as a ‘pluralistic society’ that recognizes individual, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and ideological differences between people but does not involve any of them in distributing resources and opportunities. Finally, according to the participants’ definition and perception of social justice and their specifications of a just society, the theme of ‘justice as pluralism’ was selected as the global theme of the research. Pluralism is a perspective in which organizing and formulating the basic structures of a society is considered desirable when every ethnicity or every ideological group has the possibility and the means to protect its specific values and defend its rights at different levels. 4. Discussion First, based on the research results, there are two different definitions of justice at two levels among the participants. That is to say, their definition of justice at the general level of society and concerning the distribution of resources and opportunities among the general public is equal access for all. So, equal access is the central theme of their definition of social justice at this level. Nevertheless, at higher levels of distributing the resources, opportunities, and, in other words, special privileges, their definition is equivalent to entitlement. So, according to the definition of these people, to achieve social justice at both levels, the distribution of resources and opportunities, regardless of starting and non-starting affiliations, is an inevitable necessity. Second, in response to the question related to the Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice, their perception can be explained and interpreted based on the theatrical or ritualistic justice theme. Indeed, the participants’ perception of their experienced justice is a thin and superficial layer of justice, which is more similar to a performance by the agents and actors of the political structure than the realization of real justice expected by them. Third, the Sunni Kurds’ desirable just society is pluralistic and free from ethnic, religious, and ideological affiliations. Its only criterion in distributing resources, opportunities, and advantages is people’s humanity at lower levels and their ability, competence, and expertise at higher levels. 5. Conclusion In response to this question, what is the relevance between the Sunni Kurds’ perception of social justice and Rawls’ theory of justice?’ However, research participants do not explicitly reference the fundamental ideas and principles of Rawls’ theory. However, they consider the veil of ignorance when they say resources and opportunities should be distributed between members of society regardless of starting [such as sexual, ethnic, language, religious, and social class] and non-starting [such as political and ideological] affiliations, as Rawls imagines that no one knows his starting places and affiliation in the veil of ignorance. They implicitly consider the basic structure of society because, in their opinion, a just or unjust society directly depends on how the main institutions distribute resources and opportunities. Their definition of justice at the public level aligns with Rawls’ principle of fair equality of opportunities. There is a close relationship between the pluralistic society considered by the participants and the just, well-ordered, and democratic society emphasized by Rawls. Also, the just pluralistic society considered by participants is the same well-ordered and just society considered by Rawls because the liberties related to equal citizenship are inviolable. Moreover, the pluralism emphasized by the research participants can only be realized in a democratic society based on the rule of law. Finally, in response to this question: can the theory of justice as fairness serve as a starting point for resolving disputes related to social justice and achieving a just society in Iran’s multi-ethnic and multi-religious context? Regardless of the attitudes and perceptions of various Iranian ethnicities or groups, this can only be realized if the basic structures and society envisioned by Rawls are established.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5703_f7dd39d47c6f28f7877155ccffad0192.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Network Society and the Problem of Spiritual Training in Religious Political Systems Network Society and the Problem of Spiritual Training in Religious Political Systems 267 297 5644 10.22084/csr.2024.29234.2283 FA Mohammad Reza Fereydooni Assistant Professor, Department of Theology, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0001-8925-1874 Mojtaba Pashaeializade PhD Student, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Political Studies, Bagheral Uloom University AS, Qom, Iran. 0009-0003-9053-2958 Journal Article 2024 04 22 Abstract The widespread emergence of media and the networking of contemporary societies have presented political systems, particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran, with various challenges, such as a decline in spirituality and increasing secularism among citizens. Accordingly, the main question of this research is: “What strategies should the Islamic Republic of Iran adopt to achieve and enhance spiritual education in the face of a networked society?” In this study, a qualitative meta-analysis approach is used to elucidate the problematization of spiritual education. To gather and validate the data (findings), researchers utilized a semi-structured interview method along with expert validation. Findings include the need to revise classical and traditional educational methods, a particular emphasis on the educational role of the family in the modern era, strengthening spiritual intelligence, providing accurate, well-founded, and logical narratives of events, and safeguarding both the verbal and practical conduct of officials Keywords: Network Society, Training, Spiritual Training, Religious Political Systems. 1. Introduction The diversity, plurality and domination of media over human categories including culture and politics, whether it is viewed as an opportunity or as a threat, has changed the face and nature of today’s societies. Using definitions such as network society, mediated society and technology society (dominance of technology over culture) by sociologists and thinkers of communication sciences, tells about the tremendous role of media in the culture and politics of contemporary societies. Today, by networking societies, the media has removed the control and authority of the training process from the monopoly of classical institutions, including the family and training systems (schools and universities) and according to the desires and goals of its operators (media owners), to create and They publish their values. On the other hand, due to the western and non-divine origin of emerging media, religious countries have more issues and challenges compared to other countries, such as the crisis of religious identity, pluralism and pluralism, atheism, weakening of religious beliefs, increasing violence. Spreading lust, promoting nudity culture, etc. have been encountered. Of course, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the results of articles and research by researchers and evidences such as the presence of more than 60% of people in the society on virtual networks, the growing trend of training and training activities in the virtual space, media addiction, Promoting the spirit of violence and aggression, weakening face-to-face relationships and reducing intimacy, disrupting the process of religious socialization, reducing spirituality and the spirit of trust among citizens, indicates the realization of a network society and training issues affected by it. 2. Materials and Methods The present research is considered “applied” in terms of its objective. To validate the issues surrounding spiritual education in the context of a networked society, a “qualitative meta-analysis” method was employed. Additionally, to compile and authenticate the findings, the experiences of researchers were utilized, alongside “semi-structured interviews and expert validation” involving professors in the fields of sociology, psychology, and education. It is important to note that qualitative meta-analysis refers to a method aimed at providing a comprehensive and thorough overview of the results of researchers’ studies on a specific topic. In other words, meta-analysis seeks to draw conclusions and substantiate a specific issue by using the theories of multiple researchers within a single foundational topic. 3. Discussion In order to revive spiritual education in the face of the networked society, the officials of the political and religious system should put the following things at the top of their agenda: adapt and apply new educational methods and tools in networked societies, just as the prophets of God also adapted to The conditions and requirements of their time used propaganda and media tools. The officials and managers of the systems should educate families in platforms such as radio and television, hold special meetings for parents of students in schools, provide professors and approve media literacy university courses with the approach of family studies and include study units. Among the courses of students of other disciplines (future parents), identify and share the experiences of successful parents in education, and take the necessary measures in this regard. Paying attention to spiritual intelligence along with other types of intelligence, for the spiritual growth and development of citizens, should be paid attention to by the officials of educational institutions. Therefore, it is necessary for political officials and administrators to reform the educational system and employ caring teachers and trainers; Children, teenagers and young people should guide the society towards thinking about their existence, origin and destination and in this way, while strengthening their spiritual intelligence, they should take an effective step towards the realization of spiritual education in the society. The timely, logical and correct narration of the facts in religious societies will follow the correct mindset and attitude, and such an attitude will follow the correct action and decision, and vice versa. The celebrity-centered phenomenon is one of the main issues of network societies, which has challenged the issue of education, especially spiritual education. One of the important solutions in this regard is adopting the approach of hero-making or national and religious myth-making against celebrity-making. Technical issues related to content transfer and its presentation solutions should be given special attention by religious missionaries and religious experts. Political systems can take effective steps in the field of staying away from cyberspace by measures such as reforming and strengthening population policies and increasing welfare facilities that strengthen the phenomenon of multiple children in families. This is a walk. Establishing numerous sports centers and applying discounts in paying the costs of participating in those centers, holding sports competitions in schools and other educational institutions, holding courses and teaching cultural and artistic activities among young people and teenagers and holding scientific and recreational camps from There are measures that need to be taken into consideration by political systems in order to be safe from the aforementioned issues. 4. Conclusion In the sphere of rapid and extensive social changes, only organizations and systems have a lasting chance to modify their traditional ways in accordance with the new conditions. According to sociologists, the media is the most important factor of social changes in today’s societies. The media has been able to form a new type of society by changing many aspects of people’s lives, including changes in people’s attitudes, needs and beliefs (network society). Due to this importance, the researchers of the current study tried to focus on how to realize spiritual training (as one of the most important missions of religious political systems) which has faced many challenges in the face of the networked society. is to provide solutions to the authorities. As it should be kept in mind, attention to spiritual training and its realization solutions in network societies for the officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran system, from two aspects: 1. Due to the specific missions of religious political systems in realizing and enhancing the spiritual training of citizens and 2. due to the continuous conspiracies and conspiracies of the enemies of the Islamic system in the direction of de-religious and weakening belief in religious rituals, it is important and more necessary. demands Among the important findings (solutions) that this research achieved are: the need for religious political systems to pay special attention to the training dignity of the family institution, to strengthen spiritual intelligence in training systems, to protect the speech and actions of officials and those around them. They pointed out, raising heroes against celebrity-centeredness, answering doubts, caring for the role of peers among children, etc. It is hoped that this research has taken a small step in attracting the opinions of respected researchers in the direction of thinking about solutions and facing the many issues that have occurred with the networking of societies. Although the authors of the present study believe that absolutism in providing solutions for the development of spiritual training will not have a significant objective and emotional benefit unless the members of the society start training and refinement in themselves and believe in the reform of the society should be accepted as a fixed principle. Abstract The widespread emergence of media and the networking of contemporary societies have presented political systems, particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran, with various challenges, such as a decline in spirituality and increasing secularism among citizens. Accordingly, the main question of this research is: “What strategies should the Islamic Republic of Iran adopt to achieve and enhance spiritual education in the face of a networked society?” In this study, a qualitative meta-analysis approach is used to elucidate the problematization of spiritual education. To gather and validate the data (findings), researchers utilized a semi-structured interview method along with expert validation. Findings include the need to revise classical and traditional educational methods, a particular emphasis on the educational role of the family in the modern era, strengthening spiritual intelligence, providing accurate, well-founded, and logical narratives of events, and safeguarding both the verbal and practical conduct of officials Keywords: Network Society, Training, Spiritual Training, Religious Political Systems. 1. Introduction The diversity, plurality and domination of media over human categories including culture and politics, whether it is viewed as an opportunity or as a threat, has changed the face and nature of today’s societies. Using definitions such as network society, mediated society and technology society (dominance of technology over culture) by sociologists and thinkers of communication sciences, tells about the tremendous role of media in the culture and politics of contemporary societies. Today, by networking societies, the media has removed the control and authority of the training process from the monopoly of classical institutions, including the family and training systems (schools and universities) and according to the desires and goals of its operators (media owners), to create and They publish their values. On the other hand, due to the western and non-divine origin of emerging media, religious countries have more issues and challenges compared to other countries, such as the crisis of religious identity, pluralism and pluralism, atheism, weakening of religious beliefs, increasing violence. Spreading lust, promoting nudity culture, etc. have been encountered. Of course, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the results of articles and research by researchers and evidences such as the presence of more than 60% of people in the society on virtual networks, the growing trend of training and training activities in the virtual space, media addiction, Promoting the spirit of violence and aggression, weakening face-to-face relationships and reducing intimacy, disrupting the process of religious socialization, reducing spirituality and the spirit of trust among citizens, indicates the realization of a network society and training issues affected by it. 2. Materials and Methods The present research is considered “applied” in terms of its objective. To validate the issues surrounding spiritual education in the context of a networked society, a “qualitative meta-analysis” method was employed. Additionally, to compile and authenticate the findings, the experiences of researchers were utilized, alongside “semi-structured interviews and expert validation” involving professors in the fields of sociology, psychology, and education. It is important to note that qualitative meta-analysis refers to a method aimed at providing a comprehensive and thorough overview of the results of researchers’ studies on a specific topic. In other words, meta-analysis seeks to draw conclusions and substantiate a specific issue by using the theories of multiple researchers within a single foundational topic. 3. Discussion In order to revive spiritual education in the face of the networked society, the officials of the political and religious system should put the following things at the top of their agenda: adapt and apply new educational methods and tools in networked societies, just as the prophets of God also adapted to The conditions and requirements of their time used propaganda and media tools. The officials and managers of the systems should educate families in platforms such as radio and television, hold special meetings for parents of students in schools, provide professors and approve media literacy university courses with the approach of family studies and include study units. Among the courses of students of other disciplines (future parents), identify and share the experiences of successful parents in education, and take the necessary measures in this regard. Paying attention to spiritual intelligence along with other types of intelligence, for the spiritual growth and development of citizens, should be paid attention to by the officials of educational institutions. Therefore, it is necessary for political officials and administrators to reform the educational system and employ caring teachers and trainers; Children, teenagers and young people should guide the society towards thinking about their existence, origin and destination and in this way, while strengthening their spiritual intelligence, they should take an effective step towards the realization of spiritual education in the society. The timely, logical and correct narration of the facts in religious societies will follow the correct mindset and attitude, and such an attitude will follow the correct action and decision, and vice versa. The celebrity-centered phenomenon is one of the main issues of network societies, which has challenged the issue of education, especially spiritual education. One of the important solutions in this regard is adopting the approach of hero-making or national and religious myth-making against celebrity-making. Technical issues related to content transfer and its presentation solutions should be given special attention by religious missionaries and religious experts. Political systems can take effective steps in the field of staying away from cyberspace by measures such as reforming and strengthening population policies and increasing welfare facilities that strengthen the phenomenon of multiple children in families. This is a walk. Establishing numerous sports centers and applying discounts in paying the costs of participating in those centers, holding sports competitions in schools and other educational institutions, holding courses and teaching cultural and artistic activities among young people and teenagers and holding scientific and recreational camps from There are measures that need to be taken into consideration by political systems in order to be safe from the aforementioned issues. 4. Conclusion In the sphere of rapid and extensive social changes, only organizations and systems have a lasting chance to modify their traditional ways in accordance with the new conditions. According to sociologists, the media is the most important factor of social changes in today’s societies. The media has been able to form a new type of society by changing many aspects of people’s lives, including changes in people’s attitudes, needs and beliefs (network society). Due to this importance, the researchers of the current study tried to focus on how to realize spiritual training (as one of the most important missions of religious political systems) which has faced many challenges in the face of the networked society. is to provide solutions to the authorities. As it should be kept in mind, attention to spiritual training and its realization solutions in network societies for the officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran system, from two aspects: 1. Due to the specific missions of religious political systems in realizing and enhancing the spiritual training of citizens and 2. due to the continuous conspiracies and conspiracies of the enemies of the Islamic system in the direction of de-religious and weakening belief in religious rituals, it is important and more necessary. demands Among the important findings (solutions) that this research achieved are: the need for religious political systems to pay special attention to the training dignity of the family institution, to strengthen spiritual intelligence in training systems, to protect the speech and actions of officials and those around them. They pointed out, raising heroes against celebrity-centeredness, answering doubts, caring for the role of peers among children, etc. It is hoped that this research has taken a small step in attracting the opinions of respected researchers in the direction of thinking about solutions and facing the many issues that have occurred with the networking of societies. Although the authors of the present study believe that absolutism in providing solutions for the development of spiritual training will not have a significant objective and emotional benefit unless the members of the society start training and refinement in themselves and believe in the reform of the society should be accepted as a fixed principle. https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5644_8db1d4a631a6e9a24e2c0e842e1f1772.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Modeling Students’ Academic Procrastination and Coping Strategies based on Data-Based Theory Modeling Students’ Academic Procrastination and Coping Strategies based on Data-Based Theory 299 340 5906 10.22084/csr.2025.29596.2296 FA Masoumeh Bagheri Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0003-2043-5055 Marziyeh Shahryari Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0003-2043-5055 Ali Boudaghi Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0002-3830-3045 Taybeh Nikvarz PhD student in Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0003-4873-3492 Journal Article 2024 07 12 Abstract Studying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. This study aimed to model academic procrastination among graduate students and identify strategies for dealing with it, through a qualitative approach and using data-based theory. A total of 15 faculty members participated in this study and were interviewed purposefully and based on the rule of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was conducted based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Scientific and research incompetence, inefficiency of the university system (weak mechanisms of the student recruitment system, ineffective management and educational laws, weak effective communication between the university and industry and society, and lack of justification education), the labor market and job opportunities are among the causal conditions for the formation of procrastination. In contrast, students use passive or active strategies (adaptive strategy and illegitimate opportunity strategy) against procrastination. Social beliefs, the existence of shortcuts, family support, and academic alienation of professors as intervening conditions, and the nature of academic disciplines (in the humanities and basic sciences), lack of scientific and research equipment, multiple roles, and in-person or virtual education as background conditions affect strategies. The consequences of this behavior are the weakening of scientific credibility and professional ethics, and the weakening of the cultural capital of society. In general, continuous procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation. Keywords: Educational Policymaking, Academic Procrastination, Graduate Students, Data-Based Theory. 1. Introduction Studying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. The recent occurrence of a public crisis, such as COVID-19, has had unprecedented impacts on all levels of education (Toquero, 2020), particularly affecting students’ psychological well-being and learning. The challenge of COVID-19 not only disrupts students’ academic and daily lives, but also exacerbates the problems of academic procrastination (Gamage et al., 2020; Tarkar, 2020). Since, in addition to the delay in graduation, students, even highly motivated individuals, may procrastinate on some tasks at some point in time, it is important to scientifically examine why and how this issue occurs. It also seems that personality and psychological factors explain only a part of student procrastination, and social, economic, cultural, environmental, and organizational conditions, in addition to individual factors, can greatly stimulate or mediate learner behavior (Steele and Klingsick, 2016), because learning and studying in higher education usually takes place in some kind of social system and is often organized in a system of social actions (Kappenburg and Klingsick, 2022). Therefore, examining organizational policies and culture, academic skills and abilities, social needs and expectations, and other environmental and cultural factors, along with personality variables, helps to provide a comprehensive analysis of student procrastination. Procrastination, or more precisely, academic procrastination, is not considered in this study as an individual characteristic variable or a generalized habit, but rather at the individual, academic, and societal levels. Instead of pointing the finger of blame at the individual for the phenomenon of academic procrastination, the aim of the present study is also to identify other variables that are beyond the individual’s control and cause procrastination. So far, no similar sociological study has been conducted in Iran that seeks to examine the concept of academic procrastination and discover the specific experiences of the professors’ group in relation to students. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to study academic procrastination with a sociological approach from the perspective of faculty members of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and to present a paradigmatic model based on the grounded theory method. 2. Materials and Methods This research was conducted using a qualitative grounded theory method. The study population was faculty members of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, who were selected as participants due to their direct experience with students and awareness of their academic challenges. Sampling was purposive and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Finally, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with faculty members. The data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the open coding stage, raw data were transformed into primary concepts. In the axial coding stage, these concepts were organized around the main axes, and finally, in the selective coding stage, the core category was identified and expanded. 3. Data The research findings showed that academic procrastination among graduate students as a purposeful action is rooted in structural and organizational causes. The paradigmatic model presented in this study includes causal conditions, contexts, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences of procrastination. Causal conditions: These conditions include knowledge disability (poverty of scientific knowledge), research disability, and inefficiency of the university system, labor market, and job opportunities. Knowledge disability refers to weakness in academic reading and lack of scientific inference and analysis. Research disability is also related to students’ lack of mastery of research methods and weakness in knowledge production. Inefficiency of the university system includes weakness of student recruitment mechanisms, ineffective management and educational laws, weak university-industry and community relations, and lack of justification training. - Contexts: This section includes the nature of academic disciplines, multiple roles, in-person or virtual education, and lack of scientific and research equipment. The nature of academic disciplines, especially in the fields of basic sciences and humanities, can affect the level of procrastination. The multiplicity of roles of students (such as family or work responsibilities) can also lead to role conflict and increased procrastination. - Intervening conditions: These conditions include family support, the presence of intergenerational patterns, social beliefs, and academic alienation of the professor. Family support can affect students’ motivation and behavior, while the presence of intergenerational patterns and social beliefs such as degree orientation can lead to a decrease in academic motivation. Academic alienation of the professor can also help to reinforce procrastination. - Strategies: Students use two types of strategies when faced with procrastination: passive and active. Passive strategies include giving up and avoiding assignments, while active strategies include adaptive strategies (such as trying to catch up) and illicit opportunities (such as buying a thesis or copying). Consequences: Academic procrastination can lead to the weakening of academic credibility and professional ethics, the reduction of the cultural capital of society, and the reproduction of incompetent individuals. These consequences not only affect students’ academic performance, but also have negative effects on social and economic structures. 4. Discussion His present study showed that academic procrastination is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is rooted in the interaction of individual, structural, organizational, cultural, and social factors. This phenomenon not only affects students’ academic performance, but also has broad implications for society. To effectively deal with this phenomenon, a comprehensive and multidimensional approach is needed that, in addition to reforming educational structures, also pays attention to cultural and social changes. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for future research and educational policy-making at the macro level. It is suggested that reviewing educational practices, strengthening university relations with industry and society, and teaching research skills to students should be considered as effective strategies to reduce academic procrastination. 5. Conclusion In general, persistent procrastination can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation. In general, the continuous performance of procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the conditions. Students’ behavior in the face of procrastination is a combination of structural and agency influences. Some students avoid completing tasks by adopting passive strategies, while others try to compensate for their shortcomings by using active or illegitimate strategies. These behaviors reflect the complex interaction between the inefficient structures of the educational system and the individual agency of students. To improve this situation, it is necessary to review student recruitment policies, define clear educational goals, strengthen interaction between professors and students, and promote a meritocratic culture. In conclusion, it can be said that academic procrastination is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is rooted in the interaction of individual, structural, organizational, cultural, and social factors. This phenomenon not only affects students’ academic performance, but also has widespread consequences for society. To effectively deal with this phenomenon, a comprehensive and multidimensional approach is required that, in addition to reforming educational structures, also pays attention to cultural and social changes. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for future research and educational policymaking at the macro level. Abstract Studying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. This study aimed to model academic procrastination among graduate students and identify strategies for dealing with it, through a qualitative approach and using data-based theory. A total of 15 faculty members participated in this study and were interviewed purposefully and based on the rule of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was conducted based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Scientific and research incompetence, inefficiency of the university system (weak mechanisms of the student recruitment system, ineffective management and educational laws, weak effective communication between the university and industry and society, and lack of justification education), the labor market and job opportunities are among the causal conditions for the formation of procrastination. In contrast, students use passive or active strategies (adaptive strategy and illegitimate opportunity strategy) against procrastination. Social beliefs, the existence of shortcuts, family support, and academic alienation of professors as intervening conditions, and the nature of academic disciplines (in the humanities and basic sciences), lack of scientific and research equipment, multiple roles, and in-person or virtual education as background conditions affect strategies. The consequences of this behavior are the weakening of scientific credibility and professional ethics, and the weakening of the cultural capital of society. In general, continuous procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation. Keywords: Educational Policymaking, Academic Procrastination, Graduate Students, Data-Based Theory. 1. Introduction Studying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. The recent occurrence of a public crisis, such as COVID-19, has had unprecedented impacts on all levels of education (Toquero, 2020), particularly affecting students’ psychological well-being and learning. The challenge of COVID-19 not only disrupts students’ academic and daily lives, but also exacerbates the problems of academic procrastination (Gamage et al., 2020; Tarkar, 2020). Since, in addition to the delay in graduation, students, even highly motivated individuals, may procrastinate on some tasks at some point in time, it is important to scientifically examine why and how this issue occurs. It also seems that personality and psychological factors explain only a part of student procrastination, and social, economic, cultural, environmental, and organizational conditions, in addition to individual factors, can greatly stimulate or mediate learner behavior (Steele and Klingsick, 2016), because learning and studying in higher education usually takes place in some kind of social system and is often organized in a system of social actions (Kappenburg and Klingsick, 2022). Therefore, examining organizational policies and culture, academic skills and abilities, social needs and expectations, and other environmental and cultural factors, along with personality variables, helps to provide a comprehensive analysis of student procrastination. Procrastination, or more precisely, academic procrastination, is not considered in this study as an individual characteristic variable or a generalized habit, but rather at the individual, academic, and societal levels. Instead of pointing the finger of blame at the individual for the phenomenon of academic procrastination, the aim of the present study is also to identify other variables that are beyond the individual’s control and cause procrastination. So far, no similar sociological study has been conducted in Iran that seeks to examine the concept of academic procrastination and discover the specific experiences of the professors’ group in relation to students. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to study academic procrastination with a sociological approach from the perspective of faculty members of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and to present a paradigmatic model based on the grounded theory method. 2. Materials and Methods This research was conducted using a qualitative grounded theory method. The study population was faculty members of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, who were selected as participants due to their direct experience with students and awareness of their academic challenges. Sampling was purposive and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Finally, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with faculty members. The data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the open coding stage, raw data were transformed into primary concepts. In the axial coding stage, these concepts were organized around the main axes, and finally, in the selective coding stage, the core category was identified and expanded. 3. Data The research findings showed that academic procrastination among graduate students as a purposeful action is rooted in structural and organizational causes. The paradigmatic model presented in this study includes causal conditions, contexts, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences of procrastination. Causal conditions: These conditions include knowledge disability (poverty of scientific knowledge), research disability, and inefficiency of the university system, labor market, and job opportunities. Knowledge disability refers to weakness in academic reading and lack of scientific inference and analysis. Research disability is also related to students’ lack of mastery of research methods and weakness in knowledge production. Inefficiency of the university system includes weakness of student recruitment mechanisms, ineffective management and educational laws, weak university-industry and community relations, and lack of justification training. - Contexts: This section includes the nature of academic disciplines, multiple roles, in-person or virtual education, and lack of scientific and research equipment. The nature of academic disciplines, especially in the fields of basic sciences and humanities, can affect the level of procrastination. The multiplicity of roles of students (such as family or work responsibilities) can also lead to role conflict and increased procrastination. - Intervening conditions: These conditions include family support, the presence of intergenerational patterns, social beliefs, and academic alienation of the professor. Family support can affect students’ motivation and behavior, while the presence of intergenerational patterns and social beliefs such as degree orientation can lead to a decrease in academic motivation. Academic alienation of the professor can also help to reinforce procrastination. - Strategies: Students use two types of strategies when faced with procrastination: passive and active. Passive strategies include giving up and avoiding assignments, while active strategies include adaptive strategies (such as trying to catch up) and illicit opportunities (such as buying a thesis or copying). Consequences: Academic procrastination can lead to the weakening of academic credibility and professional ethics, the reduction of the cultural capital of society, and the reproduction of incompetent individuals. These consequences not only affect students’ academic performance, but also have negative effects on social and economic structures. 4. Discussion His present study showed that academic procrastination is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is rooted in the interaction of individual, structural, organizational, cultural, and social factors. This phenomenon not only affects students’ academic performance, but also has broad implications for society. To effectively deal with this phenomenon, a comprehensive and multidimensional approach is needed that, in addition to reforming educational structures, also pays attention to cultural and social changes. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for future research and educational policy-making at the macro level. It is suggested that reviewing educational practices, strengthening university relations with industry and society, and teaching research skills to students should be considered as effective strategies to reduce academic procrastination. 5. Conclusion In general, persistent procrastination can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation. In general, the continuous performance of procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the conditions. Students’ behavior in the face of procrastination is a combination of structural and agency influences. Some students avoid completing tasks by adopting passive strategies, while others try to compensate for their shortcomings by using active or illegitimate strategies. These behaviors reflect the complex interaction between the inefficient structures of the educational system and the individual agency of students. To improve this situation, it is necessary to review student recruitment policies, define clear educational goals, strengthen interaction between professors and students, and promote a meritocratic culture. In conclusion, it can be said that academic procrastination is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is rooted in the interaction of individual, structural, organizational, cultural, and social factors. This phenomenon not only affects students’ academic performance, but also has widespread consequences for society. To effectively deal with this phenomenon, a comprehensive and multidimensional approach is required that, in addition to reforming educational structures, also pays attention to cultural and social changes. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for future research and educational policymaking at the macro level.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5906_6d96718a701f5bfba283bbdc71dfa5c4.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 Identifying and Analyzing the Factors Affecting the Formation and Forecasting of the Future Situation of the Slum Areas of Ahvaz Metropolis with an Emphasis on the Application of Futurism Identifying and Analyzing the Factors Affecting the Formation and Forecasting of the Future Situation of the Slum Areas of Ahvaz Metropolis with an Emphasis on the Application of Futurism 341 374 5912 10.22084/csr.2025.29756.2302 FA Isa Soraghi PhD student of geography and urban planning, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Chamran University of Ahva, Ahvaz, Iran. 0009-0007-9405-4390 Saeide Amanpiur Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Chamran University, Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0001-9771-5632 Saeide Maleki Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Planning, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz 0000-0001-6884-4259 Journal Article 2024 08 18 Abstract Undoubtedly, in the third millennium, urban poverty has become a prominent social issue and has attracted attention. One of the most obvious manifestations of urban poverty in developing countries is the formation and rapid growth of slums around metropolitan cities. Unbalanced physical growth and development of cities is one of the characteristics of cities and urbanization in developing countries, and one of its consequences is the expansion of marginalized areas around big cities with unbridled growth and ever-increasing poverty. The research method in terms of practical purpose and in terms of a combination of documentary and survey methods and in terms of nature based on the future approach of analytical and exploratory research and for the analysis of the variables, MikMak software was used. Analysis of information and evaluation based on the approach of future research, which is the output of primary studies in the field of developing scenarios in the next stages and developing strategies, planning and policy making to reach the desired scenario. The results of the studies show that in the first stage, 48 indicators have been identified in 8 areas in the suburbs of the city. What can be inferred from the distribution of the variables affecting the future situation of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis is that the system has relative stability, from five categories can be identified. As a result of the matrix analysis and the evaluation of the impact plan and the effectiveness of key factors with direct and indirect methods, 12 key factors have been identified among the key factors of housing policies with a score of 330, the most effective factor in improving the future situation of the peripheral areas of Ahvaz metropolis in the horizon of the May 1415 plan. Keywords: Futuristic Research, Script Writing, Influencing, Drivers, Marginalized People, Structural Analysis, Make-Make. 1. Introduction The increase in population and the rapid growth of urbanization in the past decades have had side effects, including the uneven physical development of cities, the creation of marginal areas, poverty and the decline of living standards, the lack of service centers and, finally, inequality in the availability of facilities. Slum is one of the most obvious aspects of urban poverty that can be seen in most countries, which leads to unbalanced spatial organization and urban structure and environmental destruction. In Iran, about 8 million people of the country’s population are marginalization and this It is a problem that today has affected the big cities of the country, the marginal areas are being formed. that the people of the poor areas cannot easily meet their economic and living needs, therefore they migrate and because they cannot easily adapt themselves to the urban culture in the big cities and they do not have the financial ability to stay in the city, they are forced to The outskirts are driven and they choose the outskirts of the cities for settlement. More than one billion of the world’s population live in slums with low-quality housing and poor living conditions. These neighborhoods outside the framework of the city development document provide the basis for urban instability. The industrial revolution caused an influx of urban migrants in the world. Therefore, according to the importance of marginalization in the country’s urban planning and urbanization system, this research has been done to research the future of marginalization developments from the beginning to the stabilization of settlements in the metropolis of Ahvaz and to develop future scenarios with an emphasis on the scenario approach. that according to the different physical, economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions and aspects of this project, various theories, methods and tools have been used to collect information and analyze data in each of the study sections. Therefore, in each part of the studies, according to the topic, the appropriate research method has been used. In the research, the Delphi method and the analysis of mutual effects and Micmac software were used, which sought to identify the key factors and driving forces affecting the formation and forecasting of the future situation of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis. The peripheral neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis, based on a belt from northwest to southeast, include 37 neighborhoods with a population equal to 151,781 people, which accounts for about 12.8% of the city’s population, and about 1765.35 hectares of Ahvaz city, which It covers 9% of the city’s area, which indicates the high density of buildings in these areas and the lack of public funds. Residential units in the form of contract and partial occupancy, which are built at night with the cooperation of family members, without following the rules and regulations of urban planning and building permits. Considering the ever-increasing growth of slums inside and outside the city limits and the problems that have imposed on the city in economic, physical, social and environmental fields, there is a need to review the physical development indicators of the city for the future of the city be. 2. Methodology The current research, with a future research approach, investigates and identifies factors affecting the formation and spatial expansion of the neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis. The research is practical in terms of purpose because it provides a suitable platform for the implementation of the future research structure in the marginal areas of Ahvaz metropolis. In terms of its nature, it is a descriptive-analytical method, and by describing and expressing the dimensions and characteristics of future research, it introduces the appropriate structure of future research in the marginal neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis. The required information has been collected using the document analysis method, which considers the following two steps in order to answer the research questions. The first stage is by reviewing the specialized texts of the concepts, features and approaches of future studies in order to achieve basic and applicable principles; has been studied in the range. In the second stage, the optimal approach has been selected by referring to experts and specialists, for this reason, a meeting with experts, which includes a group of managers and experts from government departments and departments, municipalities and university professors, has been organized. In this meeting, the results of the initial stage were fully discussed, and the optimal approach was chosen. Micmac software is designed to facilitate structural analysis, which is the French abbreviation of “coefficients matrix of cross-effect analysis” for classification. This software is designed to perform complex matrix calculations of cross-effect analysis. The degree of correlation between variables is measured between 0 and 3. The number zero means no effect, one means a weak effect, two means a medium effect and three means a strong effect. Finally, the letter p means the existence of a potential relationship between the variables. Therefore, if the number of identified variables is N, an N*N matrix of relationships between variables is obtained. Then, the points were entered in the cross matrix to measure the direct and indirect influence of each factor and according to the score of influence and influence of the factors, key drivers are obtained. 3. Discussion At this stage, the key variables are identified based on the direct and indirect classification of the variables according to their influence and mutual influence based on system thinking and by the output of the Meek Meek software. It is worth mentioning that based on the principles and Mikmek software framework, variables do not have the same importance and the variables that are placed above the main diameter of the diagram, because their influence is more than the influence, are selected as key variables, therefore, the variables that are in the first (input or key) region, the second (two-faceted) and indeterminate clusters that They are placed above the main diameter. Based on the studies and surveys conducted in different stages of the research, after examining the theoretical foundations of the situation of the marginal neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis, based on the future research structure, the system environment has been analyzed. Also, the results of 48 indicators have been identified in the first stage and the amount and how these factors influence each other on the future situation of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis according to the direct and indirect method, and finally, among the 48 factors investigated, 12 main factors as Key factors 10 factors affecting the future condition of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis have been selected in both direct and indirect methods. 4. Conclusion In this research, the identification of the most important factors and the amount and manner of influencing factors on the condition of the peripheral areas of Ahvaz metropolis have been carried out using the future research approach. and influential people were used in the category of marginal areas, and the method of structural mutual effects analysis was used to investigate the extent and manner of influencing factors, and finally, to identify the main factors influencing the future status of the marginal areas of Ahvaz metropolis, using Micmac software. At the beginning of the research, the group of specialists, presenters and influential people in the field of study were identified after selecting the target group according to different methods of questioning (questionnaire, interview, etc.), the process of questioning and extracting their opinions based on the subject under study, the initial summation has been done to identify 96 effective factors. In the next step, the initial summation the judging panel was entrusted to a group of specialists and experts, and finally, after monitoring the variables by summarizing, combining and verifying them, it was finally reduced to 48 factors in 8 areas. In order to extract the main factors affecting the future state of the environment under study, they were analyzed Based on the results of the present research, solutions are presented as follows, which attention can be an effective step in organizing the marginal neighborhoods and preventing the formation of new neighborhoods in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Attention to the comprehensive housing plan in the city and planning for preparing urban land and construction of suitable housing for vulnerable groups, organization of real estate consulting firms and double supervision of rent-seeking and formal transactions, construction of a green belt around the city and its protection, determining the assignment of barren lands or public uses that are susceptible to seizure or rent-seeking Determining the rules of construction in the boundaries of the cities, organizing the villages located in the boundaries of the cities, coherent and unified management in the boundaries and boundaries of the city. Abstract Undoubtedly, in the third millennium, urban poverty has become a prominent social issue and has attracted attention. One of the most obvious manifestations of urban poverty in developing countries is the formation and rapid growth of slums around metropolitan cities. Unbalanced physical growth and development of cities is one of the characteristics of cities and urbanization in developing countries, and one of its consequences is the expansion of marginalized areas around big cities with unbridled growth and ever-increasing poverty. The research method in terms of practical purpose and in terms of a combination of documentary and survey methods and in terms of nature based on the future approach of analytical and exploratory research and for the analysis of the variables, MikMak software was used. Analysis of information and evaluation based on the approach of future research, which is the output of primary studies in the field of developing scenarios in the next stages and developing strategies, planning and policy making to reach the desired scenario. The results of the studies show that in the first stage, 48 indicators have been identified in 8 areas in the suburbs of the city. What can be inferred from the distribution of the variables affecting the future situation of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis is that the system has relative stability, from five categories can be identified. As a result of the matrix analysis and the evaluation of the impact plan and the effectiveness of key factors with direct and indirect methods, 12 key factors have been identified among the key factors of housing policies with a score of 330, the most effective factor in improving the future situation of the peripheral areas of Ahvaz metropolis in the horizon of the May 1415 plan. Keywords: Futuristic Research, Script Writing, Influencing, Drivers, Marginalized People, Structural Analysis, Make-Make. 1. Introduction The increase in population and the rapid growth of urbanization in the past decades have had side effects, including the uneven physical development of cities, the creation of marginal areas, poverty and the decline of living standards, the lack of service centers and, finally, inequality in the availability of facilities. Slum is one of the most obvious aspects of urban poverty that can be seen in most countries, which leads to unbalanced spatial organization and urban structure and environmental destruction. In Iran, about 8 million people of the country’s population are marginalization and this It is a problem that today has affected the big cities of the country, the marginal areas are being formed. that the people of the poor areas cannot easily meet their economic and living needs, therefore they migrate and because they cannot easily adapt themselves to the urban culture in the big cities and they do not have the financial ability to stay in the city, they are forced to The outskirts are driven and they choose the outskirts of the cities for settlement. More than one billion of the world’s population live in slums with low-quality housing and poor living conditions. These neighborhoods outside the framework of the city development document provide the basis for urban instability. The industrial revolution caused an influx of urban migrants in the world. Therefore, according to the importance of marginalization in the country’s urban planning and urbanization system, this research has been done to research the future of marginalization developments from the beginning to the stabilization of settlements in the metropolis of Ahvaz and to develop future scenarios with an emphasis on the scenario approach. that according to the different physical, economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions and aspects of this project, various theories, methods and tools have been used to collect information and analyze data in each of the study sections. Therefore, in each part of the studies, according to the topic, the appropriate research method has been used. In the research, the Delphi method and the analysis of mutual effects and Micmac software were used, which sought to identify the key factors and driving forces affecting the formation and forecasting of the future situation of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis. The peripheral neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis, based on a belt from northwest to southeast, include 37 neighborhoods with a population equal to 151,781 people, which accounts for about 12.8% of the city’s population, and about 1765.35 hectares of Ahvaz city, which It covers 9% of the city’s area, which indicates the high density of buildings in these areas and the lack of public funds. Residential units in the form of contract and partial occupancy, which are built at night with the cooperation of family members, without following the rules and regulations of urban planning and building permits. Considering the ever-increasing growth of slums inside and outside the city limits and the problems that have imposed on the city in economic, physical, social and environmental fields, there is a need to review the physical development indicators of the city for the future of the city be. 2. Methodology The current research, with a future research approach, investigates and identifies factors affecting the formation and spatial expansion of the neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis. The research is practical in terms of purpose because it provides a suitable platform for the implementation of the future research structure in the marginal areas of Ahvaz metropolis. In terms of its nature, it is a descriptive-analytical method, and by describing and expressing the dimensions and characteristics of future research, it introduces the appropriate structure of future research in the marginal neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis. The required information has been collected using the document analysis method, which considers the following two steps in order to answer the research questions. The first stage is by reviewing the specialized texts of the concepts, features and approaches of future studies in order to achieve basic and applicable principles; has been studied in the range. In the second stage, the optimal approach has been selected by referring to experts and specialists, for this reason, a meeting with experts, which includes a group of managers and experts from government departments and departments, municipalities and university professors, has been organized. In this meeting, the results of the initial stage were fully discussed, and the optimal approach was chosen. Micmac software is designed to facilitate structural analysis, which is the French abbreviation of “coefficients matrix of cross-effect analysis” for classification. This software is designed to perform complex matrix calculations of cross-effect analysis. The degree of correlation between variables is measured between 0 and 3. The number zero means no effect, one means a weak effect, two means a medium effect and three means a strong effect. Finally, the letter p means the existence of a potential relationship between the variables. Therefore, if the number of identified variables is N, an N*N matrix of relationships between variables is obtained. Then, the points were entered in the cross matrix to measure the direct and indirect influence of each factor and according to the score of influence and influence of the factors, key drivers are obtained. 3. Discussion At this stage, the key variables are identified based on the direct and indirect classification of the variables according to their influence and mutual influence based on system thinking and by the output of the Meek Meek software. It is worth mentioning that based on the principles and Mikmek software framework, variables do not have the same importance and the variables that are placed above the main diameter of the diagram, because their influence is more than the influence, are selected as key variables, therefore, the variables that are in the first (input or key) region, the second (two-faceted) and indeterminate clusters that They are placed above the main diameter. Based on the studies and surveys conducted in different stages of the research, after examining the theoretical foundations of the situation of the marginal neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis, based on the future research structure, the system environment has been analyzed. Also, the results of 48 indicators have been identified in the first stage and the amount and how these factors influence each other on the future situation of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis according to the direct and indirect method, and finally, among the 48 factors investigated, 12 main factors as Key factors 10 factors affecting the future condition of the suburbs of Ahvaz metropolis have been selected in both direct and indirect methods. 4. Conclusion In this research, the identification of the most important factors and the amount and manner of influencing factors on the condition of the peripheral areas of Ahvaz metropolis have been carried out using the future research approach. and influential people were used in the category of marginal areas, and the method of structural mutual effects analysis was used to investigate the extent and manner of influencing factors, and finally, to identify the main factors influencing the future status of the marginal areas of Ahvaz metropolis, using Micmac software. At the beginning of the research, the group of specialists, presenters and influential people in the field of study were identified after selecting the target group according to different methods of questioning (questionnaire, interview, etc.), the process of questioning and extracting their opinions based on the subject under study, the initial summation has been done to identify 96 effective factors. In the next step, the initial summation the judging panel was entrusted to a group of specialists and experts, and finally, after monitoring the variables by summarizing, combining and verifying them, it was finally reduced to 48 factors in 8 areas. In order to extract the main factors affecting the future state of the environment under study, they were analyzed Based on the results of the present research, solutions are presented as follows, which attention can be an effective step in organizing the marginal neighborhoods and preventing the formation of new neighborhoods in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Attention to the comprehensive housing plan in the city and planning for preparing urban land and construction of suitable housing for vulnerable groups, organization of real estate consulting firms and double supervision of rent-seeking and formal transactions, construction of a green belt around the city and its protection, determining the assignment of barren lands or public uses that are susceptible to seizure or rent-seeking Determining the rules of construction in the boundaries of the cities, organizing the villages located in the boundaries of the cities, coherent and unified management in the boundaries and boundaries of the city.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5912_eddeb82df22554fa67c641e3f8a25566.pdf

Bu Ali Sina University Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research 2476-6305 13 25 2025 02 19 The Study of Guilds’ Support for Tourism Development in Qom Province and the Factors Influencing it The Study of Guilds’ Support for Tourism Development in Qom Province and the Factors Influencing it 375 406 5895 10.22084/csr.2024.30077.2318 FA Ali Shakoori Associate Professor, Department of Social Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). 0000-0002-7580-9360 Zahra Raji PhD Student, Department of Social Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 10 29 Abstract The support of local communities plays a pivotal role in fostering and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry in destination areas. Within local communities, business owners represent a critical group, whose endorsement of tourism development holds substantial significance. Evaluating the extent of their support and identifying the underlying determinants can provide invaluable insights for policymakers and planners, thus facilitating more effective tourism development strategies. This study seeks to assess the current state of support extended by business owners towards tourism development and to explore the factors influencing this support through the perspectives of tourism experts. To achieve these objectives, the research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the primary method for data collection. Thematic analysis, facilitated by Atlas. It software, was conducted to interpret the data. The results reveal that the support provided by business owners for tourism development in the province is both imbalanced and inadequate. The factors influencing this support can be categorized into themes such as the identity-related characteristics of business owners, the degree and nature of their participation in tourism-related activities, and the extent of benefits they derive from tourism. These factors can further be analyzed based on their avoid ability or inevitability. Avoidable issues, such as imbalanced participatory patterns and unequal distribution of benefits, which hinder balanced and sustainable tourism development, can be mitigated through strategic and informed policymaking. The study concludes by offering actionable recommendations aimed at addressing these challenges and enhancing business owners’ support for tourism development. Keywords: Support for Tourism Development, Business Owners, Tourism Stakeholders, Human-Centered Development. 1. Introduction Business communities are integral stakeholders in the sustainable development of tourism, playing a crucial role in driving innovation, maintaining ethical standards, and engaging in meaningful interactions with tourists. By actively involving business owners in decision-making processes and ensuring a fair distribution of benefits, the tourism industry can also stimulate business prosperity. These roles extend beyond mere livelihood generation, underscoring the strategic significance of business owners in community-based tourism development (Blato et al., 2022: 315). Although Qom is recognized as a prominent tourism destination in Iran, no prior research has explored the factors influencing business owners’ support for tourism development within the province. Understanding these factors is paramount for the sector’s sustainable growth. Identifying the key drivers can enable policymakers to design targeted strategies to engage business owners in tourism development. While international studies have addressed similar issues, these factors must be contextualized to the unique circumstances of each region. This study fills this gap by examining business owners’ participation in tourism development in Qom, while also analyzing the factors shaping their involvement with insights from local experts. The findings aim to inform policies that enhance the role of business owners in promoting sustainable tourism development in the province. 2. Materials and Methods The research adopts a qualitative approach, which is particularly suited to the research problem and objectives. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourism experts from Qom province. The study’s population includes tourism researchers, university professors specializing in tourism and managers of tourism-related sectors. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select 18 participants. It is important to note that all participants were required to have a minimum of 10 years of experience in the tourism sector and hold an advanced academic degree (Master’s, PhD, or higher) in tourism or a related field. Thematic analysis was used as the data analysis method. 3. Data The analysis of the data uncovered two principal findings. First, according to the experts, the level of support provided by business owners for tourism development remains insufficient and imbalanced. Second, the factors influencing this support can be classified into themes such as occupational identity, place identity, the extent and nature of participation in tourism-related activities, and the degree of benefit derived from tourism. From a policymaking perspective, these factors can be categorized into avoidable and unavoidable issues. One of the avoidable issues identified is the exclusive participatory model and its associated challenges. Another key concept is the “Unbalanced Perception,” which encompasses two dimensions: the disproportionate perception of tourism impacts and the quality of life among business owners. While occasional unbalanced perceptions of the effects of tourism may be inevitable and not inherently problematic, perceptions resulting from exclusive participatory models and poor management practices can lead to insufficient, imbalanced support and, in some cases, resistance from the local community toward tourism development. Inadequate tourism management practices, according to participants, can be characterized by two key issues: non-participatory management of tourism impacts and the arbitrary enforcement of laws and regulations related to participation. These factors contribute to the insufficient and imbalanced support for tourism development, which can be classified as avoidable. Furthermore, marginalization, specifically concerning the inequitable distribution of tourism benefits, emerges as another avoidable factor. Among the unavoidable factors, the divergent identity dimensions between business sectors and the factors arising from them are crucial. Occupational identity and place identity are two key identity dimensions within the studied group, and both vary across different sectors. According to some participants, the more directly and inherently connected a profession is to tourism, the greater the support from business owners in that sector will be. 4. Discussion The data analysis indicates that tourism experts in the province perceive an increase in the level of support for tourism development by business owners compared to previous years. However, they also believe that the support has not yet reached a level of significant growth and prosperity, remaining marked by imbalances and insufficiency. The study highlights several key factors influencing the current state of support, including participatory elements, imbalanced perceptions, poor tourism management, inequitable benefits, marginalization, and differing identity dimensions. All of these factors are intrinsically linked to the existing participatory models. As the findings suggest, the factors influencing business owners’ support for tourism development are closely related to the current participatory frameworks. Therefore, future research should focus on developing optimal participatory models for tourism, drawing on the expertise of specialists in the field. Additionally, given the undeniable importance of understanding the factors influencing residents’ and business owners’ support for tourism, it is recommended that future studies involve business owners directly in the analysis of these factors. 5. Conclusion The findings of the study indicate that the factors influencing the current state of support are derived from both avoidable and unavoidable causes. The avoidable factors can be mitigated through effective, well-structured policy-making. Consequently, it can be argued that the implementation of an inclusive participatory model, through careful and informed policymaking, can lead to more effective, balanced, and sufficient support by fostering a framework for equitable distribution of tourism benefits, addressing social exclusion, and promoting a positive perception of tourism development. Abstract The support of local communities plays a pivotal role in fostering and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry in destination areas. Within local communities, business owners represent a critical group, whose endorsement of tourism development holds substantial significance. Evaluating the extent of their support and identifying the underlying determinants can provide invaluable insights for policymakers and planners, thus facilitating more effective tourism development strategies. This study seeks to assess the current state of support extended by business owners towards tourism development and to explore the factors influencing this support through the perspectives of tourism experts. To achieve these objectives, the research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the primary method for data collection. Thematic analysis, facilitated by Atlas. It software, was conducted to interpret the data. The results reveal that the support provided by business owners for tourism development in the province is both imbalanced and inadequate. The factors influencing this support can be categorized into themes such as the identity-related characteristics of business owners, the degree and nature of their participation in tourism-related activities, and the extent of benefits they derive from tourism. These factors can further be analyzed based on their avoid ability or inevitability. Avoidable issues, such as imbalanced participatory patterns and unequal distribution of benefits, which hinder balanced and sustainable tourism development, can be mitigated through strategic and informed policymaking. The study concludes by offering actionable recommendations aimed at addressing these challenges and enhancing business owners’ support for tourism development. Keywords: Support for Tourism Development, Business Owners, Tourism Stakeholders, Human-Centered Development. 1. Introduction Business communities are integral stakeholders in the sustainable development of tourism, playing a crucial role in driving innovation, maintaining ethical standards, and engaging in meaningful interactions with tourists. By actively involving business owners in decision-making processes and ensuring a fair distribution of benefits, the tourism industry can also stimulate business prosperity. These roles extend beyond mere livelihood generation, underscoring the strategic significance of business owners in community-based tourism development (Blato et al., 2022: 315). Although Qom is recognized as a prominent tourism destination in Iran, no prior research has explored the factors influencing business owners’ support for tourism development within the province. Understanding these factors is paramount for the sector’s sustainable growth. Identifying the key drivers can enable policymakers to design targeted strategies to engage business owners in tourism development. While international studies have addressed similar issues, these factors must be contextualized to the unique circumstances of each region. This study fills this gap by examining business owners’ participation in tourism development in Qom, while also analyzing the factors shaping their involvement with insights from local experts. The findings aim to inform policies that enhance the role of business owners in promoting sustainable tourism development in the province. 2. Materials and Methods The research adopts a qualitative approach, which is particularly suited to the research problem and objectives. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourism experts from Qom province. The study’s population includes tourism researchers, university professors specializing in tourism and managers of tourism-related sectors. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select 18 participants. It is important to note that all participants were required to have a minimum of 10 years of experience in the tourism sector and hold an advanced academic degree (Master’s, PhD, or higher) in tourism or a related field. Thematic analysis was used as the data analysis method. 3. Data The analysis of the data uncovered two principal findings. First, according to the experts, the level of support provided by business owners for tourism development remains insufficient and imbalanced. Second, the factors influencing this support can be classified into themes such as occupational identity, place identity, the extent and nature of participation in tourism-related activities, and the degree of benefit derived from tourism. From a policymaking perspective, these factors can be categorized into avoidable and unavoidable issues. One of the avoidable issues identified is the exclusive participatory model and its associated challenges. Another key concept is the “Unbalanced Perception,” which encompasses two dimensions: the disproportionate perception of tourism impacts and the quality of life among business owners. While occasional unbalanced perceptions of the effects of tourism may be inevitable and not inherently problematic, perceptions resulting from exclusive participatory models and poor management practices can lead to insufficient, imbalanced support and, in some cases, resistance from the local community toward tourism development. Inadequate tourism management practices, according to participants, can be characterized by two key issues: non-participatory management of tourism impacts and the arbitrary enforcement of laws and regulations related to participation. These factors contribute to the insufficient and imbalanced support for tourism development, which can be classified as avoidable. Furthermore, marginalization, specifically concerning the inequitable distribution of tourism benefits, emerges as another avoidable factor. Among the unavoidable factors, the divergent identity dimensions between business sectors and the factors arising from them are crucial. Occupational identity and place identity are two key identity dimensions within the studied group, and both vary across different sectors. According to some participants, the more directly and inherently connected a profession is to tourism, the greater the support from business owners in that sector will be. 4. Discussion The data analysis indicates that tourism experts in the province perceive an increase in the level of support for tourism development by business owners compared to previous years. However, they also believe that the support has not yet reached a level of significant growth and prosperity, remaining marked by imbalances and insufficiency. The study highlights several key factors influencing the current state of support, including participatory elements, imbalanced perceptions, poor tourism management, inequitable benefits, marginalization, and differing identity dimensions. All of these factors are intrinsically linked to the existing participatory models. As the findings suggest, the factors influencing business owners’ support for tourism development are closely related to the current participatory frameworks. Therefore, future research should focus on developing optimal participatory models for tourism, drawing on the expertise of specialists in the field. Additionally, given the undeniable importance of understanding the factors influencing residents’ and business owners’ support for tourism, it is recommended that future studies involve business owners directly in the analysis of these factors. 5. Conclusion The findings of the study indicate that the factors influencing the current state of support are derived from both avoidable and unavoidable causes. The avoidable factors can be mitigated through effective, well-structured policy-making. Consequently, it can be argued that the implementation of an inclusive participatory model, through careful and informed policymaking, can lead to more effective, balanced, and sufficient support by fostering a framework for equitable distribution of tourism benefits, addressing social exclusion, and promoting a positive perception of tourism development.

https://csr.basu.ac.ir/article_5895_33853141e0873909be88f5c3e6144cc6.pdf